^ 


%. 


fi>. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


■-  ilia 

15  0  

|5  6       |p-£ 

t  IM 

1. 


|M 
1.8 


u  mil  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


K?f:f*;>*-7.;C'r3.s<^S«iseW*"S-:.5^f^S,.*^*%^ 


) 


(/.. 


^ 


^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


I 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


I 


r^mm;^^^^wS: 


mtyt^ 


^,imsms«mi-y: 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  at  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-§tre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


D 


Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommaa§e 


D 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagees 


D 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul^e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 

Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


D 
D 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


D 

D 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^color^es,  tachet^es  ou  piqu^es 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachees 

□    Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in6gale  de  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


M 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


□    Only  ( 
Seule 


D 


Only  edition  available/ 
Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film^  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu^  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

SOX 

X 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


e 

6taMs 
s  du 
lodifier 
T  une 
ilmage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemptaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grSce  d  la 
gdndrositd  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  I'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


es 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  filmds  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  •^»-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  sulvants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  '"FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
fiimds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'Images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


errata 
i  to 

it 

e  pelure, 

;on  d 


n 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

M 


MANY 


ROBINSON'S    MATHEMATICAL   SERIES. 


T  iJ  E 


METEIC    SYSTEM 


OF 


WEIGHTS  AM)  31EASIIIES; 


tOMUlNIN(i 


MANY   Ki;W   AM)    |-UA(  TIC.VI,    IMl'KOVKMKMS    IX   Al'.UANGEMKNT, 
NOTATION,  AND   Al'l'l.lCATIUN.S. 


I'liupAl:!;!)  I'uit 


KOBINSON'S  PROGRESSIVE  ARITHMETICS, 


Hy  JIALCOM   McVICAK,  a.  m 

ri;iNCn'AI.  uK  the   state  XOUMAL  and   TUAIMXG  SCIIOOI.  at   IlKOCKrORT,  N.V. 


18(58     r:^ 


n 


e-        NEW    YORK: 
I VI SON,    I'lIINXEY,    BLAKEMAN   ^    CO. 
rnrLADKr.piiiA;  ,1.  r,.  mitincott  &  cu. 

CIIK'AUO:  S.  C.  GUItiClS  &  CO. 


PREFACE. 


In  the  discussion  of  the  Metric  System  of  Weights  and 
Measures  ijrescntcd  in  tlicsc  pages,  the  following  points 
claim  special  attention  :  — 

1st.  The  clear  and  comprehensive  manner  in  which 
the  nomenclature  is  presented  in  the  general  analysis  on 
pages  8  and  9. 

2d.  The  simple  and  entirely  original  abbreviation  of 
the  nomenclature,  completely  retaining  its  expressiveness 
and  universality,  and  at  the  same  time  adapting  it  to  the 
wants  of  business  men.  This  abbreviation  obviates  one 
of  the  greatest  objections  to  the  use  of  the  ]\Ietric  System. 

3d.    Its  simple,  original,  and  scientific  notation. 

4th.  Its  full  and  intelligible  exhibit  of  the  measure- 
ment of  surfaces,  solids,  and  angles. 

5th.  The  employment  of  but  two  simple  rules  for 
changing  from  the  old  system  to  the  new,  and  from  the 
new  system  to  the  old. 


Kiitcred,  accordinj;  to  .\ct  of  Cimjn^flg,  in  the  year  lSfi7,  by 

DAXIEL  W.  FISH,  A.M., 

In  the  Clerk'*  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  fur  the  Eastern  District  of  New  Tork. 


■K 


y 


WE 


Tlie  )7i( 
tlio  metre 
ilerived  — 
iill  regard 
17!tO,  tlic 
■md,  in  0 
,    iimiitrio.s 

III  ro!<j)on.' 
'  iiiis.siuiied 
i  |iniR-i|)al  ! 
IJ  iiated  liy  t 
I  to  prepare 
•  '.  s(!loct  a  istii 
;;  might  at  j 
i  ^lioidd  1)0  ] 
I  tho  standa 


iigtli.s,  wl 


iiovisional 


of  Weights  and 
bllowing  points 

xnncr  in  which 
eral  analysis  on 


Till]  M1:TRTC  8YSTE3I 


III' 


WEIGHTS    AND     MEASURES. 


abbreviation  of 
;  expressiveness 
apting  it  to  the 
)n  obviates  one 
Metric  System, 
notation, 
if  the  raeasure- 

niple    rules   for 
,v,  and  from  the 


W7,  by 


item  Diatricl  of  New  York. 


j  INTRODUCTION. 

ne  metric  system  of  toeights  and  measures  —  i=o  called   ))ocau«p 
;    the  metre  is  tl.o  unit  from  wliieh  the  other  units  ,.f  the  spten.  arr 
,  enved  — ha.l  its  (.rigiu  in  France  during  the  Kevolutinn,  a  time  when 
nU^ regard  for  institutions  of  the  past  was  repudiated.     In  the  year 
1 '  !»0,  the  Freneli  government  resolved  to  introduce  a  new  .system  • 
^md,  m  order  that  it  might  1,e  received  with  general  favor,  other 
nmntries  were  i.nlted  to  join  with  it  in  the  elu.icc  of  new  units 
In  respon.sc  to  this  invitation,  a  large  numher  of  scientific  men,  coin- 
I   nns.s,one.l  by  various  countries,  met  in  Paris,  in  consultation  with  the 
!   pruicipal  men  of  Fran.-e.     In  the  year  17!»1,  a  conunission,  non.i- 
;   ii^.tcd  hy  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  was  appointed  hy  the  ( lovernmcnt 
:   to  prepare  the  new  system.     The  first  work  of  the  commissior.  was  to 
:j  select  a  standard  of  lengths  from  whi.'!,  the  system  of  units  adopted 
i  nngljt  at  anytime  be  restorc.l  if  f,-om  any  cause  the  original  unit 
Mould  bo  lost.     A  ,p,adrant  of  the  earth's  .neridian  was  chosen  as 
tho  standard,  and  the  ten-millionth  part  of  it  taken  as  the  unit  of 
l^gths,  which  was  called  a  metre.     In  1795,  this  standard  and  a 
provisional  metro  whose  length  was  determined  from  mea.surements 

(■0 


TIIK    MKTIMC    SVSTKM. 


[ 


nf  till' (Mvtli's  ini'iiliiiu,  wliiili  liail   iilivmly  I  fiMi  iiiinli'.  wii-  ;iiln)i|i'(l 
liy  llir  !;iiV('i'iniii'iit. 

Ill  111!'  iiiciiiilinif,  twii  ciiiinriit  .•i.-ti'(iii(iinors,  Mcclmin  uml  |)i'lin\ilii('. 
wciv  I'liuM'icil  ill  ilcliTiiiiiiiii'j;  till'  i'\:i(t  Infill  cit'tl:'  ;irc  of  (lie  im'ii- 
ilinii  lictwccii  huiikiik  ill  lln'  imrtli  if  I'niiici',  jiml  Itan-clniiii  in 
S;.i;iiii.  At  a  liil>i'  |icri(Hi.  IJiut  iiinl  Arago  nu'iiMUfil  tin'  ]iiiiliiii^^a-  | 
timi  (if  lliL'  ."aiiu'  iiiiTiilitin  as  far  as  the  i.-laiid  of  Fmiiu'iitara.  Fn>ni  ' 
tlii'M'  iiicasiircnicnts,  tdgi'tlicr  witli  (Hh-  f  .nncrly  made  in  rcni,  tht'V 
(iciluicil.  as  llii;v  suiijui>((l,  till'  exact  distain-c  fimii  tln^  ciptatnr  tn 
tlic  |Mili',  wITk-Ii  ilill't'ird  siii;lilly  fnuu  llu'  stiiiidaid  a-Miiiu'd  in  IT'.l.'i. 
Ill  IT'.i'.',  a  law  was  jiassi'd  iiiaii;j;iii;j;  tiio  Iriij^tli  of  tlic  iiii'trc  adn|ii('d 
in  IT'.i.'i  s(i  as  to  confonn  witli  tliis  dilU'rcnci!.  Tlie  iiK'tic  thus  dc- 
tciiiiincd  was  iiiarkcil  liy  two  very  lino  iianilld  lilies  drawn  on  a  pla- 
tiiiuiii  lar,  and  di'iio^itud  f u'  iircseivation  in  tlit;  national  aicliivcs. 

Wliiii'  a  imrt  of  the  (■oiiiiiii»ion  were  engaged  in  e>talili>liiiig  tiie 
exact  icnirtli  of  tlie  metre,  otiier  nieinliefs  ]mr>ued  a  eonrse  of  inves- 
tigation for  tlie  ]mviioso  of  deterniining  a  unit  of  weiglits,  wiiicli  would 
su>tain  an  invarialilo  relation  to  the  unit  of  lengths.  As  the  result 
of  ihclr  invistigations,  the  weight  of  a  enlie  of  jiuro  water  whoso  eiigc 
was  one-li\uidvcdlli  p.irt  of  a  metre  was  tiie  unit  elio-en.  The  water 
was  weiglied  in  a  vacuum,  at  a  teiii|ierature  of  4"  ('..  or  ;!'.». "J'  I''., 
whicli  was  supposeil  t()  1m!  the  teuiiieratnre  of  greatest  density,  'ihi- 
weiglit  was  called  a  i/nniiiiir  ;  and  a  piece  of  |datiimiii  weighing  one 
thousmd  m-anmics  was  dcno.-ited  as  the  standard  of  weight:-  in  the 
national  archivL's. 

Had  the  work  of  the  coinniission  ended  in  deteniiining  the-c  i 
standards  <if  lengths  and  weights,  their  labor  wonhl  have  lieen  futile 
For,  while  the  conceiitioii  of  basing  their  system  n|Min  an  ahsolnte 
standard  in  nature  was  good,  the  execution  iiroved  a  failure,  iiater 
investigations  have  ,>;|iown  that  the  metre  is  less  than  the  ten-millionth 
part  of  the  earth's  nieiidi:in  ;  consequently  tho  nietrie  system  of 
v>-cights  and  niea>ures  is  referalile  not  to  an  invariahle  standard  in 
nature.  Imt  to  the  platinum  metre  (h'posited  in  the  national  archive- 
of  I'laiice.  The  'H'eat  henellts  which  result  from  (he  laliors  of  the 
coiiniii.-sion  arise  from  the  achiption  of  the  decimal  scale  of  units,  and 
a  simple  yet  general  and  exiirosive  nomenclature.     The  amount  of 


liiiie  aiM 
trie*,  \vl 
i-  iiicalc 
whole  II 
of  the  p< 
!-c'i(Uent 
ailopted 
were  till 
I'nriiiciiv 
eight,  oi 
and  ena 
the  nici 
lias  liei'i 
nf  o'licr 
only  in  i 
ill  <  ileal 
li.'iS  heel 
liiiateni: 
Cjiili,  S; 
:iutliori/.( 
lowing  li 

An  Act 


fli  It  ri, 
'I'  Anil  rii 

Art,    it    .1, 
llh'  Wciul 

t'  pluailii 
'  .aise  tlic 
nii-isiircs 
Si:(iio 
iicii'to  ail 
'11  Icyal  |i 
imw  ill  us 
'  Njiri'sscd 
':i\\l'ii!ly  I 
«iiulits  iv 


1. 


[ 


■II    lllMlll',    Wll-    illlnjill'il 

Iicliiiiii  iitiil  l*('liniil)it', 
lit'  ll-'  ;irc  of  till'  iiit'ii- 
ICC,  jiiid  Uan-clniia  in 
ciiMircil  llic  jiiiiliiiiga- 
if  l''cirnicntarii.  Fnim 
ly  made  in  I'cni,  tlii'y 
c  I'lmii  tlii^  ('((iialur  tn 
ianl  a^iiiiu'il  in  IT'.l'i. 
li  ot'  tlic  metre  aiie|iteil 
Tile  metre  tlius  de- 
l  lines  drawn  (in  a  pla- 
it! national  areliives. 
ired  in  e.>taMi>liiiiL;  the 
•sued  a  course  of  inves- 
if  weiglits,  wliieli  wmild 
n^liis.  As  the  result 
|i\irc'  water  whose  ede;e 
lit  eliii-en.  The  water 
of  4'  ('..  or  :!!I.-J'  v.. 
;iri'afest  density.  Tlii  ■ 
|datinnm  weii^liinif  one 
idard  ot  weioJit:'  in  the 

ill  deteniiiniiiLi;  the>e 
vonld  ha\e  lieeii  I'lilile. 
stem  ujMiii  an  ahsolnte 
roved  a  t'ailnre.  ijater 
s  than  the  ten-millionth 

tlio  UK'tric  system  of 
I  invariahlo  standard  in 
n  the  national  arehivo 

from  tiie  lahors  of  the 
iiiial  scale  of  units,  and 
atnre.     The  auiouut  of 


Tin:  MKriiK    svsti:m.  r> 

lime  mid  money  used  in  carryiiii;  on  '■\chiinu-es  lietween  ditU'reiit  conn- 

:   tries,  which  would  he  sived  l.y  the  iini\ersal  a<lo|ition  of  iliis  svMem. 

I   i-  iiicalciilnhle,     'I'he  ,sy-icni  was  dccjarcil  olilij;atory  throii^hoiit  the 

I    wlmle  of  l''iaiice  after  Nov.  '_',  l>^ll|  ;  Imt,  owiii;;  to  tlie  i.rejndices 

it  the  |ieo|i;c  ill  f;,vi.r  of  estalilished  customs,  ;:nd  the  coiifiision  ciiii- 

H'i(neiit  ii|ion  the  use  of  the  new  measures,  the  » iovernmciit,  i;i  l^l'J, 

ailo|)ted  a  ciinijiromise,  in  the  si/sfrmi'  iisiu'/i\  wln.-e  iiriiici|i:d  units 

wer(!  the  new  ones,  while  the  divisions  iiiid  names  were  nearly  those 

liiniii  rly  in  ii-e.  iiscendinj;  < nioniy  in  ihi   r;itio>  of  two,  tliiee.  tiuir, 

ci.:ilit,  or  twelve.  In  1^87.  the  government  aholished  this  system, 
and  I'liaeted  a  law  attaching  a  iicnalty  to  the  u.-e  of  any  other  than 
the  metric  system  after  .Ian.  I.  jstl.  Since  that  time,  the  system 
:  lias  heeii  iidojited  liy  Spain.  I)e|ij,iniii,  and  I'oitngal,  to  th(>  eNclnsion 
iif  o'lier  weights  ;iiid  mi  asnres.  In  Holland,  other  weights  are  u.S'd 
mily  in  componnding  medielnes.  In  isiM,  the  .■system  was  legali/.ed 
ill  <  I  leaf  IJritain  ;  and  its  nse,  either  as  a  whole  or  in  some  of  its  parts, 
lias  heeii  authorized  in  (irecce,  Italy.  Xorw;iy,  S-,\eden,  .'NIcnIco, 
•  iuatemala,  \'enezn(da,  Kcnador,  I'liited  States  of  Colnmliia,  Mrazil, 
<'liili,  S;ni  Salvador,  and  .\rgenliiie  IJcpnlilic  Tn  l^dll.  ("oiigro.s.s 
.iiitliori/ed  the  metric  sy.-tem  in  the  rnitod  States  liy  passing  the  fol- 
liiwing  hills  and  re.-^olution  :  — 

As  Act  ro  .MTnoiu/K   rni;  r«i.  in    rni;  Mirrnie  .Sysri'.M  or  WKHiins 

.\M>  .\Ii:asi  Ki:s. 

fir  it  niwtid  III/  t!,r  Sniitlr  iinil  Ilmis  ■  (,)'  /,', /jirxt'iildliir^  of  tho  riiilnl  .'^liilis 
I'  Ami  rim  in  Cinii/riss  iisurml./ii/,  'I'liat.  tVom  miil  iil'ccr  tlic  ]ii\sse^e  of  this 
Art,  it  sliiill  lie  lawful  tlinm-liout  the  I'liitcd  Stiites  of  Ainci'ira  to  ciii|iliiv 
ili>'  Wciulit.s  anil  Measures  of  tlie  .Metric  Svsfciii  :  ami  no  coiitnii't  or  ilcaliiiL', 
!■  plcailin;;'  in  any  court,  shall  he  ilccincil  liivaliil.  or  llalile  to  ol.Jci-tioM.  I,c- 
■  .laso  the  wcii.'lits  or  measures  exprcsMMl  or  rcfcrrcil  to  tluavin  a.'c  \vcij;lits  or 
iiii'asiircs  of  the  Metric  System. 

Si:(rioN  'J.  Anil  /«•  it  fmilur  imi'lid,  '|  hat  the  taMes  in  the  scliciliilc 
iiiMi'to  iiniiexeil  sli.ill  lie  rcco^iii/cil  in  the  couslractioii  of  contract^,  ami  in 
11  leyal  proceciliiifrs.  ns  estnlili>hin,i,',  in  terms  of  the  wci-lits  ami  incanires 
i:n\v  in  nse  in  the  rniteil  Slates,  the  (•(|nivaloiits  of  tlic  wei-hts  ami  iiiea.snivs 
'  Njiresseil  therein  ill  terms  of  the  Mctrii'  System;  anil  said  tahlc^s  mav  lie 
l.iu  rally  iiseil  tor  ci)in|mtintr,  ileterniininir,  ami  c\|)ressiii;.'  in  cnstomarv 
«\iL;hts  and  mcasnivs.  the  weights  iiml  ineasnres  of  the  Metric  Sv.steni. 


0 


IIIK    MKTIMC   SVSTKM. 


A    1)11.1.   TCP    Al   lIK.Ill/l:    Till'.    r«l;     IN     V<>*\    ((111.!.,    nl      III).    Wl.ll.MIH 

til'  nil;  DnsiiMiN  V I  KIN  ni  (iiiAMMi;;*. 
nrilimirtid  hi/ llic  Siiiiili  iiwl  lions,  ,,/  l!,  jins,  nl(ilif<s  of  ih,'  I'liitnl  Shitef 
,.r.\mu-im  11,  ruwjnsn  assimllil,  'I'liMt  llif  l'<.<lliia>trr  Hum  nil  be,  illid  hu  U 
lici-L'hv,  niitliiiii/.i''l  aiwl  clirtrtcl  to  (iiniisli  to  llic  poM-ollicrr*  ox<lmiij;iiiK 
Miuils'witli  Inivijjii  couiitriis,  mid  to  smli  oiIut  ollircs  ns  lie  .-hall  lliiiik  cxpi'- 
ilii'iit,  iio.-ml  l.aliiiii'cs  (U'TKiiiiiniitcd  in  ^'niiimii's  of  \\n-  nictric  svHtnii ;  mul, 
until  otliciwisi'  provi.lnl  1  y  law,  onclmlf  oiiiic.'  iiNoiidiipois  sliull  lie  (Imiu'ci 
mill  liiixcii  lor  postnl  iPiiipo'i's  ns  the  (■(|Miv;il.iit  ol'  lil'tccii  crmiiinc!*  of  tin' 
iiictnc  wi'i-iits,  mill  so  ii<loptiil  in  progrctision  ;  iiml  ilu'  raU's  of  jiostagc  sball 
lie  iippiifil  iiii(irilin}:ly. 

Joint  Kksi.i.i  iidn  to  r.NAni.K  Tiir,  Skcuktaiiv  ok  tiii;  TmiAsnu 
TO  II  iiM-^ii  TO  i:a(  II  Stati;  om:  >*i;t  or  tiii;  Standakh  Wkk.iit^ 
AN  II  .Mi:a>i  i!i;t  OK  I  hi;  .Mktiiic  (SvsTt.M. 

Iti  il  n.wlrtd  hi)  till-  S.iiilti'  niiil  Hoiisr  nt' Rei'nsnitdllrig  a/'llif  I'iuIkI  SldUn 
i.fAmirini  ill  CiiKijnsii  ussiiMnl,  'i'liat  tlic  Suiirtiiry  of  the  Tmisiiry  lie,  uml 
he  i<  lici-eliy,  iiiitliorizcil  iiinl  iliintcil  to  liiriii-li  lo  fiuli  Stiitc.  to  lie  delivered 
to  the  governor  thereof,  one  set  of  the  stmidiird  wei^Mits  und  measures  of  the 
niL'trie  systLiii,  for  llie  u-e  of  the  States  re>pcetively. 

TAIU-KS    AlTlloKI/.r.I)    15Y    (  ( iNliKKSS. 
.Mi;.\si  i;i:s  OK  I.KMillls. 


Metric  I)eiioiuiimli"u>  uiul  Vahii-»< 


Ki|iilvuU-ntK  ill  tK'lintniiiutiouii  in  uiiu. 


Myri.iiiietre,. 
Kiluiiietre,  . 
llcetcuiietre,. 
D.'canietre,  . 

Metre 

Deeinietre, .  . 
reiitiinetre,  . 
Millimetre, . . 


lii,iHiM  iiietre<, 

1,MOO  metres, 

1(10  metres, 

10  metres, 

1  metre, 

,lj  of  11  metre, 
^5  of  a  metre, 


(!.2137  miles. 

0.(!2I37  miles,  or  3280  feet,  10  iaehe- 

32H  feet  and  1  ilieli. 

aid. 7  inelies, 

:!!t.37  iiielie-. 

;i.ii:i7  hielii's. 

ii.:i'.<:!7  iiieli. 

0.(j:l!i4  iiieh. 


MKASlitr.S  OK  srUKACK>. 


I                .M.-trii'  IK-u.MiiliiutiMii.  »ut\  Viilm-s.  i:.|uivul™ts  in  Di'iiomiiiation.  in  usi'. 

I  Hectare, '  10,000  sipiure  metres,  2.171  aires. 

',  \,.,. I       100  .sqniiro  metres,  ;   1  111. i)  sipiaie  yards. 

i  Ceiitiare, 1  sipiare  metre,  i   l.'i'iO  sipiare  inelics. 


N'mi 

Kilnlilre, 
llietnlitn 

I alitre 

Litre,  ... 
|li'eilit|-e, 
('.■ntilitri 
Millilitro 


N 

Millii-r, 
Ijiliiital 
.Myria;:! 
KJlo-ra 
IIeetn;.'r 
lleea}.'!-: 
ilramm 
heeiL'ra 
('eiitii.'r 
MilliL;ni 


NiiTK 

tho  talili 
the  I  loll 

is  lint  II 
Milijuet ; 
ninilitiui 

.Vs  r 
inlopU'il 
luiil  thi. 

Tliu 
loiii;  us 


'riir,    \I>',TIU{'   SYSTKM. 


cr.*  Ill'   nil,  Wi.K.ill'* 
VMM  lift. 

itirt  s  of'  till  I  'iilli  il  Slitles 
IT  lluiii  ml  1)1',  mill  hu  is 
|)..>t-i)Hi(is  oxclmiiKiii}: 
•s  lis  111'  simll  lliiiik  t'X|ir- 
ilir  nirtric  svsti'iii ;  iiml, 
liriliipoi-i  sliuU  Ih'  ili'ciiii'cl 
I'  lil'tcrii  ^rniiiiiiics  lit'  till' 
till'  raU'.s  1)1  |M)>ta;.'('  >liall 


Kv    or    nil;   'rui:ASiiiv 
i;  SiANKAiti)  Wlk.iits 


tits  in  Oi'iiuiiihiatiiinB  hi  ubc. 


lire  van  Is. 
iiro  inches. 


'aliris  of  till-  I'liitiil  Stiitia 
v  of  tlic  'rreasiiry  be,  uiiil     ' 
■mil  Stiiti',  til  lie  ilt'livei'eil 
i'Mits  aial  iiicusurt's  of  the 


iNtiUKSS. 


iits  hi  DcniitniiiittionB  in  use. 

Ie>. 

lies  1 11- .'!2S0  feet,  10  ilH'lie- 

iliil   1   ilieli. 

11'-, 

le-. 


MKASIKLS  OK  CAI'Al  riY. 


Mi-trir  t)«'iit'>nlnatloiu  mill  Vuliir 


]  i:i|iii\iili'iil«  in  IK'niiniiimtliin"  In  ii«b. 


.NaiiiiK. 

I  Kiliilitre,()r«tei'i 
I    lln'tiilitre,   ..  .. 

i    lii'i'iilitfe, 

;    Litre, 

Hicililre 

reiitilitre 

MlUilitre, 


No.  or 

lilro. 


I'uliii'  .Mi'iij-un', 


l»rv  Ml  ni«iirr. 


I,li|lllil  nr  Mint! 

Mii'iiMliri', 


liniii  1  eiiliie  metre, l.:)iiN  eiilile  y.l.    'JiH.l"  p'H 


1011  j'^  iif  II  ciiliie  metre, . . .  1  liii.  .'I..').")  |)k.. .  Ji'i.ll"  ^rnllmi.  ] 

111  10  eiiliie  ileeillietres,.  .  .  '.>M  (|lllirts, 2.f.ll"  irilllull. 

I  I  eulile  ileelmetre, O.'iliH  iiiiiirt,  ...  l.o.'OT  ijimi't. 

,'(,  jViifiieiiliie  ileeiiiietre,  i;.|ll',i'Ji'llliie  in.  0.'' I.-.  (Till.  1 

!  -  10  ellliie  eeiitiiiietri's,  .  .  il.OlO'J  I'llliie  ill.  O.IIUH  lllli'l  nZ.j 


.   L  .  1  ellliie.  eeiitillietre, . 


\Vi;i(lll  l.S. 


Metric  Di'iiniiiinulioiii*  oiiil  \'uliii'it 


io.OOl  ciiliic  ill. .  o.'.;"  Iliiiil  ilr. 


Niiiiie!<. 


KunihcT  of  I   Wiiuiil  ui  wliul  qu»ntlly  olwutiT 


trrainnu'H. 


lit  nmxliiiuiii  ilini-lty. 


I  Equivnli'ntt  In  l)i'- 
1  noniinutiiinH  in  uki-. 

AvdlrilupoiN  wt'ij^lit. 


MilliiT,  iir  tdiiiieiiii,.  1,111)11,0110 
100,000 
10,000 
1,0110 
100 
10 

1 


(.lllllltlll, 

Mvriiifiriimme,. . . . 
Kilnjinimtiie,  orkili 
lli'itii;.'niiiinie,. .. . 

lii'i'ii>;niiiime, 

ilniiiiiiie 

IieeiLrnimiiie 

I  I'lltiLTiimille 

Milli'jniliinie 


I'o 
1 


uaa 


1  iiiliie.  metre, '.J'Jiit.ii  iMmiiils,  ' 

1  heetiilitre, •.J'Jo.4()  pmiinls. 

10  litres, 2'.'.0 Hi  |iiiuiiils. 

1  litre 2.20111  iioiiinl.i. 

1  ileeilitre, n..V274  miiiee.'. 

10  eiibic  eeiitiiuetres, 0.;i.')27  miiiee. 

1  eiiliic  eeiitillietre l-'i.  I'i2  frriiiiis. 

1-10  of  a  eul)ie  eeiitillietre,  0..'.  t:!2  eniiii. 

10  ellliie  millimetres, o.l.'u:!  (.'niiii. 

1  euliie  luilliiuetre, 0.01.'')4  irriiiii. 


XiiTK. — Tliu  si)L'llin^  ill  tlic-  aliove  tables  is  init  tlio  same  as  in 
j  ilic  tallies  ill  tiie  seiiedule  uiiiii'-xed  to  tlie  vcjinrt  (iftlu!  eDiiiiiiittee  of 
■  till.'  House  of  lieiireseiitiitives  on  weights  and  measures.  The  eliango 
;  is  not  made  to  indieate  any  prefereneo  for  any  standard  u|ton  tliis 
I  Milijeet  ;  hut  to  earry  out  what  the  author  lielieves  to  lie  an  e.s.sential 

eiiiiiiition  to  the  utility  and  sueei'ss  of  the  system. 

i;      As   remarked   liy  u  distinguished   senator  when   the  tables  were 

I  ailiipted  by  Congress,  "T/ie  ndiiics  are  coswojxilitaii  ;"  ainl  to  rv- 

I  tuin  tins  character  full II ,  the  spvlluig  must  also  be  cosniopolltaii. 

The  Freneh  introduced  the  nonienelature  and  spelling ;  and,  so 

mig  as  the  names  remain  unehanged,  the  .sjielling  .should  be  retained. 


•nil',  "iivrritf  systkm. 


N(iM;.\(  LAITKi;    AM)    lAlil.KS. 

'riii'ic  Mi'c  i'i;rlit  kiml  111'  i|imiitili»"<  I'nr  wliii  li  tiilil<s  iiro  u'liiilly 
(■(inMnirlcil  ;  vi/...  I<cii';;tlis,  Siiifai't's.  N'ulmm's  or  SnliiU,  ('ii|iMiilii'', 
Wcijilils,  N'lilut's,  Tiiiii's,  and  Aiij^lun  or  Arcs.  'I'ln'  liilile  for  'I'Uni- 
is  the  siiiif  ill  tlif  iiii'tnc  as  i.i  (lie  onliiiiiry  systrin.  Tlio  talilc  t'nr 
Anj;li'>  i-  tiiii-iniricil  ii|i<iii  a  ri'iitoiiiiiil  t-nAr.  Tin-  tallies  t'nr  tln' 
ritlicr  >i.\  kimls  dl'  i|iiaiitiru's  arc  ciiiistriicti'il  \\[\in\  a  (Irciinul  M'ali'. 
ill  cacli  of  ilic  laMi'.s  t'lir  liCii;,'tlis,  Suifaccs,  N'liluincs.  ('a|iariiic..,  aini 
Wci^'lits,  tlici'L'  are  cijilit  ili'iKmiiiialiims  cif  uiiil.^i, — niii'  |iiiiii'i|ial  mi'I 
seven  di'iivalive.  Tlio  iiriiiei|ial  units  are  tlie  nntir,  wliieli  is  llit 
lia-e  ot'  ilie  svsteni,  and  tiii»e  derived  directly  fniin  it.  'I'be  twn 
f'nllnwiinr  t.diniar  vii'W;;  prex'iit  tlie  I'ac'ts  ri'L'-ardiiiL'  llie  |priiiei]ial  and 
ileri\ati\e  units,  wliieli  hliovild  lie  li\ed  in  tin'  inenmry. 

r  1.    I'riiii'i|ial  unit  nf  Len^^tlis. 

•J.    The  lia>e  i<\'  the  iiietiie  sy.steni.  and  nearly 
'  one  teii-inilliiintli  jiart  uf  a  i|n;idrant   nf 

llio  earth's  ineiidian 
l_  :!.    Ki[uivaiciit,  o'd.-'iTll"^  indies. 

^  I .    Principal  unit  (A'  snrt'aci~. 
•J.    .\  sijiiare  wimso  side  i-  ten  inelres. 
:>.    Ki|uivalent.  1 1'.t.Ci  si(iiare  yards. 

1,    i'rincip;il  unit  nf  vnlunics  er  siirnl>. 

'I.    \  clllie  \vhii>(>  e(|j;e  is  diie  metre. 

:>.    Knuivaleiit.  I.IJlIf*  ciiliic  yards. 

I.    Principal  unit  df  capacities. 

■J.    .\.  voM'l  \vhn>(!  Xdlniiie   i-  (';|iial  (ci  a  culic 

whiise  edji'e  is  (ini'-teiitii  nt'a  metre. 
:i.    Ivpiivalent,    .!•(•><   ipiart    dry   meaMire,    n 

1.051)7  i|uart>  wine  measure. 

1.  Piiiii'ipal  unit  nf  weijilits. 

2.  TIk!  weinht  (if  a  eulie  iit"  ]iiire  Viiiter  \vhii> 
edire  is  l.KKf  iif  a  metre. 

;5.   The  water  must  lie  \veiglie<l  in  a  vaciimii 
4^  ('.,  or  :!!i.2°  F. 
*-  4.  E(^uivak'iit,  IbAo'l  grains. 


ii 


I.    MKriii; 


II.    Ai;k. 


U       III.   Stkiik.. 


X. 


i:       l\'.    LiriiK. . 


I 


\'.    t!l!.\.MMK, 


iiii;  .MKTiMC  svsti:m. 


•I 


i,i;s. 

li  liilili's  iiro  ustiiillv 

II'  SiiliiU,  ( 'ii|iMiilii'>, 

Till!  t!iKl.(  fur  Time- 

stnii.     Tho  tiiMo  t'.ir 

'i'lic  tlllili'S  fnl-  tllr 
l[iiill  !l  (!rcilli;il  M'.'lli' 
UIK'S,  ( ':i|i;ii'ili('>,  iiinl 
—  mil'  |iiilii'i|iiil  Mill 
viilrf,  wliii'li  is  till 
,•  t'l'oiii  it.  'I'lii'  tvvii 
iiiL'  ill''  iiriiH'i|i;il  iiiul 
•iiiiiry. 

;llis. 

i-  Hysti'in,  mill  ticiirlv 

liii't  (if  11  i|niiilniiit  lit' 

M 
illrln'S. 

ICI'S. 

s  tell  lliutl'i's. 
iiMi'c  yards. 

nil's  (ir  siilnls. 
line  metre. 
Iiie  yards. 

citie.s. 

le    is   (';|lliil  (i)  :i  eillir 

telltli  lit'  II  lui'tre. 

:irt    ilry   iiie;i>iire,    i  r  g 

I'  measure. 

;lits. 

of  ]iiire  \v;iter  wlms 

metre, 
iveinlied  ill  a  vai'iimii 

frains. 


1 .  Tliiee  nnlers  (if  smaller  iiiiit>,  nr  siiliimiltiiile*  nf  eaeli 
l<iiii|,  iire  t'lirmeij  liy  ili\iilii|ij;  eaili  nf  tli"  |iriii(i|ial  units 
intn  leiiiji-.  Iiiunh 'illliv  ami  tliiiu>;in(ltli*. 

■J.  I'"iitir  (irdcrsdf  larj;er  units,  nr  miilii|ile-  uI'imcIi  kind, 
arc  fiirmed  liy  cnn-iileiinu'  as  a  unit  ten  time«.  nne 
liiindre  I  limes,  nm-  llimt-and  times,  and  ten  tlniiisuiid 
times,  eneli  nf  the  |ii'iiii'i|i;d  unit-. 

._.    (  The  names  nf  deri\ati\e  niiiis  iire  fiiriiu'd   liv 
I    2  i  I      attiieliiiii;  a  |iiitix  tn  the  name  nf  the  |iiinri- 
|i:il  unit   fiiiin  which  tiiey  are  derived,  which 
indicates  their  rcialinn  In  tin'  |iiinci|ial  unit. 

I.    .^Iille>i?llus,     (ine    thousandth,     cdiitiacted 

.Milii.      /■:.nilil/>/r.  .>Iillilitre=  ,  „'„  „  (if;i  litre; 

X  iiiiiliiitres  =  ,,;„„  of  a  litre. 
■J.    <'eute-inius.     one     huiiiiivdili.     contracted 

eenti.      A'.c.  Centiare    :    ,  i„   of  an   arc  ;     \ 

eelitiarcs  -:;:   I  ,',,,  of, 'in  .-ire. 
•"!.     hcciiiins,  tcntli.  contracted  d(>ci.      /Jr..  |)e- 

cimetro  ~   ,',,    metre  ;     :!    decimetres  =:  ,'„ 

metre. 

I  1.     I>eca,    ten.      A\ifniiji/,\    Decametre  :rt  ll» 
•Ji  metres  ;   .'i  dccami^tl'e.s  =;  ;')()  metres. 

=  ^.       ■_'.     Ilcc.iton.   one    hmidred,    contracted    liccto. 
i'J  A'./'.,    Ilcctiilitre  =r  1(10   litres;    7    hcctuiitrcs 


1? 


1^ 


TtlO  litres. 


"• -.  i  -^  •!.    Kilioi,  one  thousand.  eontr.icN'd  kilo,      AV. 
,        41    I       Kiloi-ramme --  IIMKI  crammes. 

1^4.    Myria,  ten  tiiousan  I.      AV.,  .Alyri.istero  — 
^  '  1(1.(10(1  steres;  ."!  myriastt  res  =;!(). (10(1  .sferes, 

l^       -       ;   ■>.    The  fMii  deca  and  myra.  and  the  "  in  lieeto 
t.     and  kilo,  are  did|iiicd  when  |ireli\ed  to  mr. 

riip  tallies  liciii'j;  ennstructed  ii|iiin  .-i  (lecini:il  .«cale,  ten 
units  of  a  lower  order  make  one  of  the  next  hi'dicr 
thus:   10  millimetres  =r  1  centimetre;  1(»  eentimutres 
=  1  decimetre;    10  dt'cimetreis  =1  metre;    10  me- 
tres =  1  deeametro,  &c. 


10 


Till-;    METRIC   SYSTKM. 


Tlio  facts  in  tlio  prcccMliiig  views  licing  iniistcrod,  tlin  ta1)los  cnii  lio 
constnii'tod  liy  tlu'  \)a[nl  at  siglit.  For  cxainjilo  :  The  nuiiu's  of  tlio 
(lt'nv:itivo  units  aru  forincd  hy  attacl.iiig  tlic  seven  prefixes,  in  their 
order,  to  the  nrincMpal  units  of  tlie  tables.  The  order  of  progression 
bcin"  ten,  the  tahle  of  caiiaeities  will  he  written  thus  :  — 

10  Millilitres   =  1  Centilitre.       10  Litres  =  1  Decalitre. 

It)  ("cntilitres  =  1  Decilitre.         10  Decalitres    =  I  Hectolitre. 

10  Decilitres    =  1  liitre.  10  Hectolitres  =  1  Kilolitre. 

10  Kilolitres  =  1  Myrialitre. 

All  the  tables  peculiar  to  the  ^Metric  System  are  presented  together 
in  a  convenient  form  in  the  two  following  tables  :  — 

TABLE  OF  SUBMULTIPLES  AND  PRINCIPAL  UNITS. 


>'AMES  OK  Units. 

1 

PRONUXn.VTlON,      I 

PRKKIX. 

BASE. 

1 

-  Metre 

Miir-c-mec'-tor 

10  Milli- 
K(|Uiil 

, 

Are 
Stcrc 

Miir-c-are 
Miir-o-ster 

1  Centi- 

Litre 

Mill'-e-li'-ter 

L  Gramme 

Mill'-e-grani 

r  Metro 

Sent'-e-mee'-ter 

10  Ccnti- 
Equal 

-1 

Arc 
Stere 

Sont'-c-are 
Sent'-e-ster 

1  Doci- 

Litre 

Sent'-c-li'-lcr 

L  Gramme 

Sent'-e-gram 

r  Metre 

Des'-e-mcc'-ter 

10  Dcci- 
E((ual 

Are 

Store 

1  Des'-e-are 
1  Dcs'-c-stOr 

1  Principal 

Unit. 

Litre 

1  I)es'-c-li'-ter 

L  Gramme 

Des'-e-grani 

r  Metre 

Mee'tcr 

10  Principal 
Ecjual 
1  Deca- 

Units       ^rc 
-    Stere 
Litre 
-  Gramme 

Are 
Ster 
Li'-tcr 
Gram 

.Symbols. 


T 

;ulo[ 
tiiat 
that 
llatic 
iiieii 
T 
versi 
Ipolit 
any 
all,  . 
are 

I 

1 


EM. 


i'lU-:   XIKTlllC    SYSTEM. 


11 


uistcrod,  tlio  tallies  cnn  be 
iiiiliU) :  Tlio  nauu.'s  of  the 
le  seven  jtrefixes,  in  tlieir 
Tlie  order  of  jirogre.ssion 
ritteii  thus :  — 


res 

— 

1  Decalitre. 

calitros 

— 

1  TIeetolitre 

^etolitres 

= 

1  Kilolitre. 

•ialitre. 

item  are  presented  together 
ablus :  — 

rniNCIPAL  UNITS. 


UXCI.VTIOJ). 

c-mee'-ter 

c-iirc 

L'-stOr 

L'-li'-tcr 

L>-graiu 

•e-mec'-tcr 

■e-are 

■O-Sti'V 

■c-li'-lcr 

-e-griim 

e-mcc'-tcr 

L'-are 

>stOi- 

e-li'-ter 


SYMBOLS. 


L'-^'raii) 

jG 

er 

M 

A 

S 

r 

L 

1 

G 

TABLE    OF   MULTIPLES. 


Namks  ok  Units. 

I'ROSL'NCIATIOX. 

Dek'-a-inee-ter 

PRKFIX. 

llASK. 

r  Mi'tru 

'M 

10  Tfcca- 

Arc 

Deiv'-are 

'a 

Eijual    - 

Stere 

I)eli'-a-ster 

•s 

1  Ilccto- 

Litre 

Deli'-a-li'-ter 

'L 

-  (irammc 

I)ek'-a-f,'raiii 

'(i 

r  Motro 

Ileu'-to-mee-ter 

=-'M 

10  TIccto- 

Art" 

Ilee'-tare 

-A 

Iv|ual    ■ 

Store 

Ilee'-toster 

'S 

1   Kilo- 

Litre 

!Iee'-to-li'-ter 

"L 

L  (irammc 

Ilec'-to-frratu 

'g 

r  Metro 

Kill'-o-mce-tcr 

■\m 

10  Kilo- 

Are 

Kill'-arc 

''a 

Equal    - 

Store 

Kill'-o-ster 

»s 

1   Myria- 

Litre 

Kill'-o-li'-ter 

"l 

^  (i  ram  mo 

Kill'-i)-f;ram 

"g 

'  Aletrc 

Mir'-e-a-nice-ter 

\m 

Are 

Mir'-e-iire 

'a 

Myria-  -; 

Stere 

Mir'-e-a-ster 

\s 

Litre 

Mir'-c-a-li'-ter 

^L 

' 

-  Gramtno   ; 

Mir'-c-a-graiH          1 

^G 

ABBREVIATED    NOMENCLATURE. 

To  secure  the  fullest  advantage  to  business  men  by  the  universal 
adoption  of  the  new  system  of  weights  and  measures,  it  is  necessary 
tliat  the  names  used  should  bo  short  and  ea.sy  to  write  and  pronounce, 
that  they  should  express  clearly  the  relation  of  the  different  denomi- 
nations of  the  same  table  to  each  other,  and  that  they  should  be 
iileiitieal  in  all  languajres. 

Tiio  last  two  of  these  requirements  would  be  secured  by  the  uni- 
ivcrsal  use  of  the  nomenclature  adopted  by  the  French.  It  is  cosiiio- 
:  liulitau  in  its  character  :  it  belongs  to  their  language  no  more  than  to 
any  otlier.  The  former,  however,  is  not  secured.  It  is  evident  to 
all,  that,  for  business  purposes,  the  long  names  of  the  metric  system 
are  inconvenient,  and  that   to  shorten  them  would  j)rove  a  great 


12 


THE   METRIC   SYSTEM. 


■ulvanta.^.".  m.vi.  l.ave  l.-.n  nuule  to  intn.lu.-c  short  H;un.s ; 
but  tlu,;^  otlWrts  have  invariably  s.-rilinMl  tb.ir  univovsal  au'l  oxi-r.^- 
sive  .Imrador,   wln.l.  is  of  .uoro  i.nportanru  to  tho  l.us,n..ss  ^vor^l 

Tla.  only  tru..  •■..urse  vvhi.-h  s.o.ns  to  l.e  oj.n,  ,s  to  al  -rev.ate  tl,. 
nan..s  alr'uly  iutnnUu.cl,  iu  such  a  ^vay  as  to  r.tain  the.r  po.uhar 

(•liaractoristics.  ...  .    i  . 

To  secure  tl.is,  the  f^^Uowin;^  l.lan  of  ahhrevat.nn  is  suggested  .  - 
First.      Let  the  prelixes  1  e  ahlM-eviated  thus  :   Myr,  U.l,  he.-t,  .ler 

''''w""Lctthe  initial  letter  of  the  nan.es  of  the  five  i-rineii^i 
units  i,e  US0.1,  instead  of  the  uau.es  then.selves,  thus:  For  nu-.n..  u.^ 
,  ,,l,i„l  M  ;  for  arc,  use  a  eapital  A  ;  for  stere,  a  eai^tal  S  ;  U 
litre,  a  eaintal  L  ;  and,  for  graunue,  a  eap.tal  Vr 

Third  I'or  the  uau.es  of  umltiples  and  sul.nn.lt.i.les,  attaeh  t^ 
these  i.ntial  eai-itul  letters  the  ahhreviated  prefixes,  thus  :  kd  M,  pn- 
„„n,„,.d  l,ill-eni' ;  Kil  S.  pronouneed  kill-ess',  cSce. 

15 V  thi.  n.ethod  of  al.l.reviatiou,  the  elen.ents  ot  the  ongnud  ten  - 
are  i^tained  iu  such  a  forn,  that  each  part  is  clearly  lud.cated.  1  • 
capital  letter  used  after  the  prefix  will  aUvay>  p ..nt  to  the  hase-^vn^, 
of  which  it  is  the  iuitiul,  although  the  prouunciatiun  is  ebangea. 

TABLES   WITH    AI5BREVIATE1)   NOMEXCLATUWE. 
ME.VSURES    OF    LENGTHS. 


\ 


Wiiltiii. 

10  Mil  M, 
10  Cent  M, 
10  Des  M, 
10  M, 
10  Dee  M, 
10  licet  M, 
10  Kil  M, 
Myr  M, 


rrunouiicril. 

Mill-em', 

Cent-eni', 

De.s-cm' 

I'Ini 

Dek-eni', 

llect-eni'. 

Kill-em', 

Mir-eni'. 


make 


1  Cent  M. 
I  Des  M. 
I  M. 

I  Dec  M. 
I  llect  M. 
1  Kil  M. 
1  iSIyr  M. 


13 


THE   MKTBIC   SYSTEM. 


13 


rodiii'C  slim't  n;uiu!< ; 
imivcrsiil  niv\  fSiHV- 
[o  lliu  liu.sincs.s  \vorLl 

11,  is  ti)  iililn'L'v'uitc  till' 
11  rotain  their  iicculiai 

iiitinii  is  siig:^estoil :  — 
s:  Myr,  kil,  liwt,  iluc 

.! 

."' 

I's  i>f  tin;  livo  iirini^il'ii 
;,  tluis  :  Fni"  nu'tiv,  um 
itciv,  !i  cMiiital  S  ;  t'lr 

<i.  .1 

sub-nmltiiiles,  attiidi  t^ 

is.'s,tlms:  Kil  M,  i>in 

its  (if  tliG  origiutil  tcnii-  : 
(.•k'uvly  iiiiVK-ateil.     Tli. 
jyjiiit  to  tlie  liasc-wmv: 
.ciatiun  is  cbanged. 


itMEXCLATUlU: 


MEASl'lUvS    OK    Sl-UFACES. 


Written. 

I'l'oinMiiU'f'd. 

10  Mil  A, 

Mill-a', 

10  Cent  A, 

Cunt-n', 

10  Des  A, 

Des-u, 

10  A, 

A, 

10  Dec  A, 

Dek-fi', 

10  n-.'L't  A, 

II(;et-ri', 

10  Kil  A, 

Kill-iV, 

Myr  A, 

^lir-a'. 

laki! 


1  Cent  A. 
1  Des  A. 
1  A. 

1  Dec  A. 
1  Heet  A. 
1  Kil  A. 
1  Myr  A. 


MEASUUES    OF   VOLUMES,    OR    SOLIDS. 


Written. 

10  Mil  S, 
10  Cent  S, 
10  Des  S, 
10  S, 
10  Dec  S, 
10  Ileet  S, 
10  Kil  S, 
Myr  S, 


rronounci'd. 

Mill-ess', 

Cent-ess', 

Des-ess', 

Ess, 

Dek-cs.s', 

Ilect-ess', 

Kill-ess', 

jMir-ess'. 


make 


1  Cent  S. 
1  Des  S. 
1  S. 

1  Doc  S. 
1  Ileet  S. 
1  Kil  S. 
1  Myr  S. 


IS. 


MEASURES    OF   CAPACITY. 


1  Cent  M. 
I  Des  M. 
1  M. 
1  Dec  M. 
1  Ileet  :M. 
1  Kil  M. 
1  Myr  M. 


Written. 

Pronounced. 

10  Mil  L, 

Mill-ell', 

make 

1  Cent  L. 

10  Cent  L, 

Cent-ell', 

t( 

1  Des  L. 

10  Des  L, 

Dess-cir 

tt 

1  L. 

10  L, 

Ell, 

(( 

1  Dec  L. 

10  Dec  L, 

Dek-cll', 

(( 

1  Ilect  L 

10  Ilect  L, 

Hect-ell', 

(( 

1  Kil  L. 

10  Kil  L, 

Kill-ell', 

(( 

1  Myr  L. 

Myr  L, 

Mir-ell'. 

u 


TllK   MKTKIC    SYSTKM. 


Written. 

10  Mil  (i, 
10  Cent  <i, 
10  IX'sC, 
10  (i. 
10  iKc  (1, 
10  Ikit  G, 
10  Kil  G, 
Myr  G, 


MKASI'IJKS    OK 

Prnllnulu'Cfl. 

Mill-j;co', 

CcMlt-jri'L'', 

l.)es-gui/, 

Goo, 

Dok-goo', 

Hoct  )j;ee', 

Kill-;^oo', 

Slir-Sioe'. 


WKUJHTS. 


iiimUo 


1  Cvnt  G. 
I  DesG. 
1  G. 

1  Deo  G. 
1  Hect  G. 
I  Kil  G. 
1  Myr  G. 


NOTATION    AND    NUMERATION. 

Til  tlie  practical  application  of  the  metric  system,  it  is  not  always 
convouiont  to  use  llio  piinoipal  units  as  the  unit  of  number.  For 
example  :  Should  tlie  j^ramiiie,  the  principal  unit  of  weight,  be  used 
as  the  unit  of  number,  in  the  grocery  or  any  similar  business,  small 
(luantities  wouM  1)0  expressed  l)y  inconveniently  largo  luimbcrs. 
Example  :  asij  lbs.  are  expressed  by  IT^.OOO  granmios.  To  avoid 
this  inconvonionce,  the  higher  denominations  arc  used  as  the  u:iit  of 
numl)er  when  large  quantities  are  measured. 

No  general  system  of  notation  is  yet  agreed  upon, 
quantity  is  written  in  various  ways  by  different  authors 
A'l  metres,  S  decimetres,  and  5  centimetres,  are  written 


The  same 
Example  : 


4-2.Sr)M.         42  ".'So. 


in     rni 

4-2.85. 


M  42.85.     &c. 


Tnasmuch  as  the  principal  units  of  measure  are  not  always  used  as 
the  unit  of  numlicr.  it  is  important  that  a  system  of  notation  be  adopt- 
ed, whicli  will  apply  e(jually  well  to  both  principal  and  derivative 
units. 

It  is  believed  that  the  system  given  below,  while  simple  and  con- 
venient, expresses  clearly  the  relation  of  the  unit  of  number  to  the 
principal  unit  of  measure  ;  and,  hence,  has  an  advantage  over  any 
contractions  of  the  names  of  the  derivative  uuits  or  arbitrary  signs 
which  might  be  adopted. 


I.  T 

(Icnomin 
inmd)er. 
uictros, 
1 1 II 'ires, 

II.  A 
i-  used 
|in's.>;ed 
(hvdtiis, 
of  the  1 
;iro,  re.- 
li\mdro( 

Fron 
for  notii 

Hi,  1.1 
iiii'ncin 
mttliin 
ir/iir/i 


Ilur, 

M  ;;42. 

iiii'tres 


liM'ill; 

1.     I 

I'utimi 


TIIK    MKTUIC    SYSTEM. 


15 


1  r.Mit  (5. 

I  Dos  G. 
1  G. 

1  \)w  G. 
1  Hct  G. 
1  Kil  G. 
1  Myr  G. 


.TION. 


stem,  it  is  not  always 
iiiit  of  number.  For 
init  of  woiglit,  bo  usod 
himilar  liusinoss,  Kmull 
iontly  largo  numbers. 
)  graiume.s.  To  avoid 
re  used  as  the  u:iit  of 


^0(1  upon, 
it  authors. 
re  written 


The  same 
Example  : 


M  42.85.     &c. 

are  tiot  always  nsoil  as 
MU  of  notation  be  adopt- 
rineipal  and  derivative 

,  wliile  simple  and  con- 
unit  of  number  to  the 
an  advantage  over  any 
units  or  arbitrary  signs 


(n:Ni:i;.\r.  riMNCii'i.iis  ur  notation. 

T.  Tlie  .'-eale  in  tlie  metric  system  being  decimal,  the  ediisecutivi' 
(Icnomiiiations  are  expressed  by  the  cuiiseciitivo  orders  of  units  in  a 
inmd)er.  Thus,  7>>042.i5.J8  metres  is  an  e.xpressiim  for  7  iii\n;i- 
uietre.s  8  kilometres,  (>  hectometres,  4  decametres,  '1  metres,  .'5  di'ci- 
iiietres,  f)  centimetres,  S  millim(^tres. 

1 1,  Wliicliever  one  of  tlie  eiglit  denoniinati(ms  of  units  of  measure 
i;  used  as  the  uidt  of  a  inimber,  the  higlicr  denominations  are  e.\- 
pvessed  as  tens,  hundreds,  and  so  on  ;  and  the  lower  as  tcntlis,  liiiii- 
(hvdtiis,  and  so  on.  Example  :  7>'4.5(i  decametres.  Ifcre  tlie  unit 
of  the  nundier  is  a  decimetre  ;  c(msoquently  the  tens  and  hundreils 
are,  respectively,  liectonuitres.  and  kilometres,  and  tlie  tenths  and 
liimdredths  are  metres  and  decimetres. 

From  these  principles  and  illustrations,  we  derive  the  following  rule 
tor  notation  :  — • 

Uii.K.  ]\'ritc  (he  roiiscriifive  denowlnnltotis  in  tlieir  orilcr.  mm- 
iiii'iiriii;/  with  the,  hii/her,  and  phirlntj  a  rljiher  irhrrerer  a  dvnoini- 
iKifiiin  is  oinit/ei/,  and  the  deeimul  point  (ij)vr  the  denomination 
irliicli  in  the  unit  of  the  number. 

KUI.I'.S    Foil    IXDK  ATING    Till:    DF.NOMINATll  IN. 

lluiiK  I.     When  a  prineipal  unit  of  measure  is  the  unit  of  nxtii- 
lirr.  phiee  the  initial  letter  of  tlie  unit  used  before  the  number,  thus: 
■   >I  ^'A•1^^.       Read,    three    liundred   and  fortij-ticn    and  f  re-tenths 
metres  ;  or,  ii  hectometres,  4  decametres,  '1  metres,  T)  decimeln-s. 

EXVMPI.KS    FOR    VUAf'TII'K. 

Write  the  numbers  which  represent  th((  following  quantities,  con- 
>i  lering  the  principal  unit  of  measure  the  unit  of  number. 

1.  Seven  niyrianietres,  4  hectometres,  three  decametres,  and  eight 
r,.„timetres.  Ans.  M  70430.0s. 

'1.    Thirty-four  kilometres  ami  forty-three  millimetres. 

Ans.  M  ;54000.04:]. 
3.    pjighty-soven  heetograiumes  and  fifty-nine  centigraunnes. 

Ans.  G  8700. .")0. 


f 


16 


Tin;   MKTUIC   SYSTEM. 


4  Thlrty-twn  inyria^'rainiin's,  f(.l•ty-l•i,^llt  .loc:i<^raininos<,  tivo  luilli- 
p-,.nn.n..s.  ^f"*'-   ^  :!-(l4S(..UU,-,. 

;■)  TlirtM!  ImiidnMl  and  two  kilarcs,  ciglit  limulml  aiul  seven  cen- 
,;,„,!,,  .his.  (;  ;5(I12()08.(I7. 

()      Four  luviialltres,  sixty-two  decalitres,  iive  iiiiililitres. 

Ans.  I.  4(tti-20,005. 

T.  Four  lunidred  and  tliirly-three  kilosteres.  niim  luiiidrcil  and 
ei'dity  four  hcctostcres,  seven  tiiousaud  two  hundred  and  three  eeiiti- 
steres.  ^'"^'   ^  •'-!  iT^'»- 

Ivri.K  II.     When  a  nmltiiile  of  a  jirineipal  unit  of  measure  is  tlie 
uiiir  of  nuniher  ;  —  l'"irst,  J'l'tre  hifore  the  ii>iml»T  (h,-  liutlnl  Ivt.tir 
nf  t/if  pn'nri/)(il  null  fmm  whlvk  the  miiltipl-  is  derived     Seeond.    j 
liK/irale  (he  order  of  multiple  used  hif  a  small  fiiure  phtred  to  the   \ 
left  and  ahorc  the  letter  prefixed  to  the  nambcr,     (See  symbols  in 
talilo  of  nniltiplos.) 

Example.     42.')  kilometres,  is  written  "M  4"i. 5. 

The  -M  lieforo  the  niunher  iudieates  that  the  metro  is  the  unit  of 
measure  from  whieh  the  unit  of  the  number  i.s  derived.  The  .small 
W  iudieates  that  the  third  order  of  nuiltiple,  or  kilometre,  is  the  unit 
of  number. 

KXAMPI.ES    FOR    lM!.\CTt(:E. 

Write  the  numbers  whiih  \e])resent  the  following  quantities,  con- 
sidering the  denomination  named  as  the  unit  of  number  :  — 

Unit  of  Xamher,  Kiloyramme. 

1       4)1  myriagranmies,  7  deeagranunes,  ;")  granuiies. 

Atis.  HMm.Olh. 
ti.  S  kilogrannnos  and  !]  eentigranniie.s.  Ans.  "(i  8.0tlU()3. 
;}      T;!()  lieetoiM-annnes,  243  centigrammes,  and  4  milligrammes. 

Ans.  •'(173.(302434. 

4.  2000  hectogrammes  and  3  centigrammes. 

Ans.  T.  200.90003. 

Unit  of  Xuniher,  Decalitre. 

5.  254  litres  and  43  millilitres.  Jhs.  'L  25.4043. 


•t. 
10. 


U. 
12. 
13. 

Rui. 

i-  the  1 

>'cconi 
jilaeed 
syuibo 

Wr 

^iderii 


I. 

>) 

;>. 
4. 


r 


'cagrainnios,  tivn  luilli 
l„s.  G;!-j:(I !*<»». 0(1.'). 
iiiidnHl  anil  wvcii  ctMi- 
Aiis.  (i  IJd-JOdS.OT. 
vo  millilitn's. 
Ans.  L  4(tt;-20,0fl5. 
•fs.   iiiiit!   luindrcil   ami 
iniilrcd  and  {hrw  coiiti- 

Aiis.  S  .■):U47-20:5. 

unit  of  niuasuro  is  tlic   ; 
unii/ifr  the  initial  letter 
de  is  derived.     ScLMind,    j 
lU  Jii/iire  phired  to  the 
iber.     (Sue  symbols  in 

4-2.  a. 

10  niutro  is  tlie  unit  of 

is  dorived.      Tins  small 

ir  kilometre,  is  tlio  unit 

:,'E. 

illowlnij;  quantities,  oon- 
of  number  :  — 

amine. 

•  grammes. 

Ans.  "(1430.07;'). 

Ans.  «(i  8.00003. 

es,  and  4  milli!;;rammcs. 

Ans.  M  73.(30-2434. 
mes. 
Ans.  ''G  200.90003. 

•alitre. 

Ans.  'L  25.4043. 


('>. 


iIIK   MF.THIO   .SYSTEM. 
;',C.4  mvrialitres,  47  litres,  384  millilitres. 
243  deealitrcs,  47  centilitres. 


17 


'h3(U004.73S4. 
ins.  'J.  243.047. 


s. 

10. 


11. 
12. 
13. 


Unit  of  NumlH-r,   Second   Order  of  Multijdes. 

Ans.  -M  2;)00, 00072. 

Ans.  •■'S  40000.07002. 

Ans.  -A  30.0042. 


2:!  myriamctrcs,  72  millini<'tres, 
4(»(I(I0(>7  stcrcs  anil  2  millisteres. 
3  kilures  and  4:!  centiares. 


Unit  of  Xiindter,  Myriwnetre. 
3  heotomctres  and  2  centimetres.  An 


.">  miHiinetrcH. 

3  decametres  and  2  centimetres. 


^M  .0:]0002. 
Ans.  ■'M  .000000;"). 
Ans.  ■'M  .0030(J2. 


Euir  in  When  a  subnuiltii)le  of  a  principal  unit  of  measure 
i,  ,he  unit  of  number; -First.  Place  before  the  nund.er  the  initial 
klterof  the  principal  unit  from  irhich  the  sulnnnltiple  ,s  dern-ed. 
S.con.i  Indicate  the  order  of  sulnnnltiple  vsed  In/  a  snndl  fijure 
j,laeed  to  the  left  and  Mow  the  letter  vrefxed  to  the  nnndwr.  (bee 
symbols  in  table  of  subnuiltiples.) 

EXAMPLES    FOR    rUACTICE. 

Write  tl.e  nun.bers  wl.ich  represent  the  following  ,iuantiti..s,  con- 
.iderin"  the  denomination  named  as  the  unit  of  number. 


Cnit  of  Xiindier,  Millimetre. 


1. 

o 

4. 


6. 


32  decametres  and  2  decimetres. 
7002  hectometres. 
7  myriametres  and  .^)  metres. 
3  kilometres  and  2  decametres. 


Ans.  ,,>!  320200. 

Ans.  .,M  700200000. 

Ans.  ,,:M  7000r)000. 

Aus.  M  3020000. 


Unit  of  Xnmher,  Second   Order  of  Suhmidliples. 
i  kilogrammes  and  0  granunes. 


Ans.  .fr  500900. 

302  nivriastcrcs,  5  decasteres,  and  3  centisteres. 

Ans.   „S  302005003. 
Ans.   „L  400900500. 
Ans.   .,A  20002. 


4009  kilolitres  and  5  litres. 
2  hectares  and  2  centiares. 


18 


TllK   MKTUIC    SVSTKM. 


il. 
1(1. 
11. 


I'liit  of  Numhcr,   Decilitre. 
ano-j  lu-ctulitnw  Mild  4  inillililivs.        .ins.   ,T<  :l()()-2li0O.O4. 
(')  iiiyrialitn-s  ami  1  ilofulitre. 
.4Ul  miUilitics. 


Alls.  ,l,ii()(l.l(IO. 
Alls.   ,li  .000(14. 


HKDUC'l'ION. 

Ill  r.K  Koii  IIkdlhtii.n  I'KSCKNi.iNii.  .Uiilti/ilij  t/ic  '/I'mi  qnniitltii 
hij  llifi  iiiiiiikr  of  tin-  irqiiiretl  (Iviioiiilmidoii  ii'hicli  iiiahs  a  Hint  oj 
the  (/iirii  i/i'iiDiiiiiifilioii. 

Since  the  imiltipruT  is  always  10,  100,  1000,  &<•..  tl.o  ..peration 
is  perfDiined  l)y  removing  tlio  ileiMinal  i»oiiit  as  many  places  to  tlic 
riij/it  as  thcio  aro  cipheis  in  the  nmltipruT,  annexiug  uiiilicvs  when 
nuccssary. 

K.\.\Mri,KS    FOU    I'KACTICE. 

1.  IIlmIucc  'M  ;)•->..«  to  millimctiTS.  5.  UimIuco  -'LOH-S  to  docilitres. 

■>.  llcducc  'M  T)  to  decimetres.  0.  Uediicc  *S  81),^)  to  decasteres. 

;j.  Reduce  (;  lo-i  to  miUifrrammes.  7.  Uedu.'C  "A  !»()3.2  to  milliares. 

4.  Keduuc  =A  f.'.;)  to  centiares.  i  8.  Reduce  '(".  531)  to  centigrammes. 

Hulk  fok  Kkpuction  Ascknutno.  nrvi'ile  the  i/ireii  qunntllij 
'by  the  iinmbvr  of  its  own  cknoiiiiiiiition  tc/iich  iiiides  a  unit  of  tliv 
irijiiiinl  di'iiomlniitiuii. 

Since  the  divisor  is  always  10,  100,  1000,  &c.,  the  operation  is 
performed  l)y  removing  the  decimal  point  as  many  places  to  the  left 
as  there  are  ciphers  in  the  divisor,  prefixing  ciphers  when  necessary. 

EX.\MPLE3    FOH   PR.\CTICK. 


1.  Reduce  oA  .5  to  myriares. 

2.  Reduce  jM  4o3  lo  kilometres. 

3.  Reduce  ,S42.3  to  liectosteres. 

4.  Reduce  jA  7.2  to  decares. 


5.  Reduce  „(}  3  to  kilogrammes. 

G.  Reduce  .A.  ^.1  to  hectolitres. 

7.  Reduce  3M  !)  to  myriametres. 

8.  Reduce  .,S47.3  to  decastere?. 


MEASURKS  OF  SURFACES. 

RKLATIOX.S  OF   IXrT.S  OF  SUIJFACE  TO    rNIT.S   OF  LENGTH. 

Decimilliare  =     One  scpiare  decimetre  =  100  sciuarc  centimetres. 

(10   sipiare   decimetre.-,   or  a   plane  figure  whose 
:Milhare         =  j      ^,^^„^\l  is  one  metre  and  hreadth  one  decimetre. 
Ccutiux-e        =     One  si^uare  metre  =  100  square  decimetres. 


pi'ciare  = 

prcare    = 

Hectare  = 
K  ilaro  = 
Mviiare  = 


The  colli 
tlie  niimliei 
the  unit  of 

The  foll( 
til  Ills  of  th( 


Ft  will 
]i'irallel  to 
"llii.'r,  divii 
iiiiiiiy  row.s 
mw  coiitai 
J^iigth.     I 

i^  ri|Ual  to 

;inil  hreadi 


THE  METRIC   SYSTEM. 


10 


,l;{()()-2ooo.o4. 

bis.   ,l,iiOO.l(IO. 
Ai'S.   ,Ii  .(KKMlt. 

//ic  (jlveii  qiKditifi/ 
rh  iiKihs  a  unit  of 

&c.,  tlio  (ipenitioii 
niiiiiy  iiliici's  to  till' 
exiug  uiiilicvs  wliuii 


[);?.-2  to  (locilitres. 
8l».J  to  ilecasteres. 
!»();!. 2  to  milliari's. 
539  to  centigraiiimes. 

t/ie  i/ircii  f/unnliti/ 
iiit/ces  a  unit  of  the 

m.,  the  operation  is 
ly  places  to  the  left 
lers  when  noeessary. 

ad  3  to  kilogrammes. 

„L5.7  to  lieetolitros. 
I  aM  i»  to  myrianu'tres. 
1  „S47.3  to  detastere*. 

■.S. 

ITS  OF  LENGTH. 

square  centimetres. 

plane  figure  whose 
adth  one  decimetre, 
are  decimetres. 


(  10  s(iuare  metres,  or  a  ])lano  (igure  whose  length  is  one 
"  (      dccaiiH'tri'  and  breadth  one  uietre. 

Arc        =     One  .«(iuaie  decametre  =  100  sijuare  metres, 

t  10  siiuarc  decametres,  or  a  plane  lignre  whose  length 
(      IS  one  hcctometri'  and  breadth  one  decametre. 

Hectare  =      One  st|U!ire  hectometre  =  lOO  .scpiare  decametres. 

,..,  (  10  siinare  hectometres,  or  a  plane  figure  whose  length 

Kilare    =  -;       .     '  ,  , 

(      IS  one  KuoinPtre  and  nreadtli  one  hectometre. 

Myriare  =     One  siinare  kilometre  =  100  S(iuure  hectometres. 

NlMKlt.M.  KXI'ltKSSION    FOR  SUUF.\('E. 

The  contents  of  a  plane  liguro  is  expressed  numerically  Ity  giving 
ilic  ninnlier  of  times  it  contains  .Mune  given  area,  which  is  assumed  as 
ilic  unit  of  surface. 

The  following  illustrations  will  show  how  tlie  various  denomina- 
tiiiiis  of  the  table  are  u.sed  in  numerical  e.\pre.s.iions  of  surface  :  — 

ILLCSTUATION    FIRST. 


Length  ()  metres. 
It  will  be  seen,  by  examining  this  figure,  that  the  lines  drawn 
pindlel  to  the  sides,  at  the  supposed  distance  of  a  metre  from  each 
inilii'r,  divide  the  .surface  into  square  metres,  and  that  there  are  as 
iiiimy  row.s  of  square  metres  as  there  are  metres  in  the  breadth,  each 
mw  containing  as  many  square  metres  as  there  are  metres  in  the 
in^th.  Hence  the  number  of  square  metres  in  the  area  of  the  figure 
1-  i(|Uiil  to  the  product  of  the  two  numbers  which  indicate  the  length 
mil  bre.idth  ;  and  A  0.21  is  a  numerical  expression  for  its  contents. 


20 


THE   METRIC   SYSTEM. 


IMX'STHATION    SKt'oNK. 


0  iiiftri'ii, 

In  tl,i«  lijruro,  till!  lines  drawn  imrulU'l  t..  the  sid-s  .livi.l.-  tl,. 
,;,„,,  i,„.,  :!,;  ,„illiurcs,orol.longs,  ^vlm.i,.  length  is  .m.  ..u-tn'  and 
l,a.a.lth  on.  .IcM-iuiutre.  It  i.s  ovident  that  ton  of  these-  ol.h.njs  ,.ut 
to-retiicr  will  constitute  accntiare,  or  s((.iaro  metre.  Heneo  the  cx- 
,,ression.  M  miUiares,  may  l.o  written  iJ.f.  eentian-s;  nn.l  read,  throe 
und  six  tenths  eentiares.  or  tln-e  (••■ntiares  and  six  n.ilhares.      ^ 

UV  leduein"  the  length  to  deeiinetres,  the  nuinerieal  expression  ot 
the  cH^ntcnts  will  be,  by  Illustration  First,  00  x  0,  or  'MO  deeinnUiarcs 
or  siiuare  deuiiuctres. 

ILLCSTBATION   TIIIIII). 
Lcngtii  1  dccumitro,  2  mi'tres,   ond  I  dcclnictro 


MilUare. 


Dcclmilliurt . 


Tl 

-ulli 


X 


!■' 

iiiiiii 

Kiva 

I! 

It  II' I 
if 

T 

iiiit 
iiii'ti 
iiivi-i 


Tn  this  fi.nire,  wc  have  illustrated  the  relations  of  different  denomi- 
nations of  units  in  expressing  the  contents  of  a  given  surface. 


lnv 


I 

iiiii 


ii:m. 


TiiK  Mirrim;  svstkm. 


21 


iMt. 


A  to  till!  sill'".-'  iliv'ulf  tin 
!  loii<'tli  is  (iiui  iiR'tiT  ami 
;  toil  of  tliL'si)  oliloii;>;s  imi 
110  inotro.  IIciico  tlio  ex- 
I  contiiiics;  iiml  io;ul,  tlireo 
;  and  MX  iiiilliaiTS. 
ho  nuinorioal  ox|irossiuii  of 
(30  X  0,  or  aCtO  dooiiuilliarcs 

[HI). 

nil  I  itfclnictre. 


Millie 


flio  followlii;^  niialyw,  cai'li  part  of  tli>  cnnfiMiU  h  ]nv*ciitiMl 
atcly,  ai  it  woiilil  111'  iilitaiiii'il  liy  iiiiilti|>lyiii;,'  tlio  ifri^lli  liy  llio 
llli.  Till'  li'anicr  >liinili|  rari'riilly  iiutc  oac'li  |iart,  ami  aiialyzi!  ii 
it'iit  imiiiliiT  of  oxaiiipli's  to  lix  tlio  |irim'i|il('s  in  tln'  niiml. 


AXALVSI.-i. 


I  Oiii'  cici'limlic  =  1  ilii'lmlllliirn 
( liir  ill  liiiii'trc   X   ,   Ivm  imin  1  —  ,;  niMlmri< 


Doclmilliurt . 
!  relations  of  difforcnt  donouii 
nts  of  a  given  surftice. 


=r  A  (MUKil 
=.-  A  o.iKrJ 
'  I  hie  iliciimi'tic  =  10  iiillliiii'('-<  -::  I  ci'iilliiri'       A  0  ill 
I  <  (lie  ilicimilri'  =rr  'J  iiilllhiri'M  =  A  n.iKiJ 

TwK  iiulri'H        >;   .  I'im)  mi'liis  =:  4  iriitiari'^  =  \  not 

'  line  iliciinirtru  =  J  ilci'iiiri'<  _  A  ".J 

{  1)111'  ilniiiii  til'  =  111  iiilllliirc  —  1  c<  iillari!  —  A  n.nl 
I  )iir  iliimiMirr  X  J  I'"!'  iiiitrc^  =  'J  clri'lnnt  =  A  ii.J 

P!  '  Hill' ili'i'aimtrr  =  1  lire  iir  siiimrr  iiii'tru      =^  A  1. 

'Ml.'Jl  X'Ml.'Jl  =  A  I  mil 

I'roin  tlicsi'  iliiislratioii-*,  wo  ilorivo  flio  followlnji;  riilo  for  timliiif  u 
imiiiorioal  exiirossion  for  a  givoii  surfnoo  of  uniform  length  ami 
lnvailth  :  — 

III  I.K.  Jifldnce  the  Ivnijtii  aiiil  lin-inlllt  to  the  .sinnr  tlvnottiliKilliii}  ; 
Villi  the  product  af  the  two  tlhneiixlona  (iftcr  roihirtlon.  (did  puint 
"if  lis  iniiiiji  dvriiiiid  p/arcs  in  t/is  jirodiirt  (is  thin;  (irc  (firiiiiul 
lilnrrs  ill.  tlie  two  dhni'iisiiiiis. 

'riic  unit  of  tho  niiiiicriral  oxiirossion  thus  fuiiml  will  ho  a  dooiiiiil- 

liiri'  when  tho  unit  of  loii;,'lli  is  a  dooiniotro,  a  oontiaro  when  tho 

iiiif  of  lonj^tli  is  a  inotro,  an  aro  wlioii  tho  unit  of  lons^th  is  a  doca- 

iii'tro,  a  hci'taro  when  the  unit  of  lenijth  is  a  heetoniotro,  and  ii 

yriaro  when  tho  unit  of  length  is  a  kilometre. 

KXAMI'l.KS    FOR    I'llACTirK. 

1.     ITow  many  ares  in  a  flour  .M  1.2.J  long,  and  M  8.7  wide? 

Ans.   A-lU.^To. 
'1.     How  many  fontiaros,   how  many  kilaros,  and  how  many  liee- 
Invs  in  tho  wiiiio  tloorV  Aiis.  „\.  lO.STO. 

0.  IIow  many  are.s  in  a  board  M  5.32  by  .^l  47.  V 

Ans.  A  .02r)0(»4. 

1.  How  many  milliares,  how  many  myriaros,  and  liootares  in  the 
niic  hoard  ? 

IIow  many  metres  of  a  earpet  nine  decimetres  wide  will  cover 


22 


TIIK    MKTItlC    HVSTKM. 


n  fliHir  MX  ini'tri''*  li'ic^  iiinl  llvi'  iiml   rniir-lciilli«  iiu'tn"*  wiili- '.'  mil 
wlial  wiKilil  ln»  till)  cusi  iiftliti  tiii|Kt,  lit  S'j!..'i(t  II  I'i'iitiaru? 

AuM.  y\  'M\.     SOI, 

(i.  Til  ii  t'iriii  ciiiiMstiMn;  ,,f  fniir  li.'l.ls  of  tlic  t'ollHwiiij,'  (liiii('iisi«m>, 
linw  iniiiiy  lii'i't:iiv-<  ■.'  First  lii'lil,  lih;;tli  .M  lU'J,  liri'iullli  M  -To  ; 
s.MM,n.l  lii'l'l.  l«'ii','ili  M  ti:U,  l.rrndili  M  :!'><»  ;  lliinl  lieltl,  U^ufiU 
M  i:.0.  l)ivihlili  .M  :VS.> ;  I'ourlh  lifl.l,  k-nglli  M  7;!0,  Im'iiiUli  M  ^>''>:1' 

Alls.  -A  '.i-J.nisT. 

7.  A  pill'  of  IiiiiiIht  wiH  t'nimd  to  contain  l."iil  lioanls  .M  4  Imi,' 
iiikI  ,M  I.  wlili',  '1'1'i  boiirils  M  tl.-J  l.iiiii;  iiml  ,,M  iVJ.  wiiU'.  nnd  (U.i 
lioiirilH  M  .'i.'^  loiij;  atul  ...M  415  vi'uh'.  U»w  nmcli  was  it  wortli,  at  St.. 
|iiT  arc,  face  tiicasiirc  vl«.v.  SltM)><.:i>^  +. 

s.  I  low  iiiaiij  liricks  ,M  '2.'2  X  |M  11  woiiM  |mvo  a  wili'-wall; 
M  <\-iy>  lonif  ami  .M  '22  wiilcV  ami  wliat  would  Im  tlio  wliolo  cost 
at  S'J  cents  per  coiitiarc.  Aiis.  TUf.llO  laicks.     >l.'rj(t.il.>  -f- 

MKASI'Ur.S   i>V  \<ii,rMi:s,  nU    SOMOS. 
ijr.i.ArioNS  OK  I  NITS  oi'  Vol.1  Mi;s  ro  tM  rs  oi'  i.i;\(M1i-^. 

Millistoie  =      A  I'lihic  ilcciiuctrc  :  -  I  (Kid  culiii' centimetres. 

/  10  ciilne  ileeinietrcs,  or  a  volmnc,  or  solid,  who- 
Ccntistcri'  =-  length  is  one  metre,  and  iireadlli  and  thickness 

(       decimetre. 

(  Id  centi.  teres  =  Idd  culiic  decimetres,  or  a  volniii' 
Decistere     -:   ',       wlio.so  lenglli  and  hmultli  is  one  niutre,  and  thick- 

(.      iiess  ono  decimetre. 

(  .\.  enho  metro  =  10  doei.steres  —  100  ocutistcres  - 

(      1000  millistorus  or  cubic  deeimutres 


i;iun 

n|'\0 

Til 

of  flu 


10 


in 

i.iid  I 


Stero 


^  10  euhic   metres,  or  a  volume  whose  lon;j;th  Is  on- 
Decastcre   =  ^      decametre,  and  breadth  and  thickncs.s  one  metiv. 

(  10  docasteres  =  100  culiio  metres,  or  a  V(dume  whose 
IIoctostLM-e  =  '       length  and  breath  is  ono  decametre,  and  thickue- 

(.      one  mt!tre. 
KiliLStere    =     A  cubic  decametre  —  lOOO  cubic  metres. 

f  10  kih)steres,  or  a  volume  who.se  length  is  one  hecte- 
Myrio-stere  =  ■       metre,  aud  breadth  and  thickness  each  one  deca- 

(       metre. 


Id 
metre 


I'n 
metre 


PKM. 

•-tciitlis  ini'triw  wiili' '.'  mil 
!.."iO  u  ccntigiu'' 

A„».  M  M.     SOI 
f  till'  t'llliiwiiij;  irnin'n>iiiti>, 
M  :!|-J.  liivaillli   M  -JT:!  ; 
il.'iO  ;    tliinl   (l.'lil,    Icii^'ili 

I M  7;!<>,  iiivmiiii  Mt;:;2.7 

Aiis.  -A  !i-J..'.1^7. 
iluin  l."i()  lioanls  .M  4  Imi,' 
mil  ...M  iVJ.  wiilf,  nnd  (U- 
luucli  w.is  it  wortli,  lit  St-. 

Aiis.  SKHLS.lis  -f . 
I  would  |mv((  ft  Hiili'-wiilk 
t  woiilil  l»<i  »1h*  wlmlo  fiist 

;,  nil  SOI, IDS. 

I)    IMIS   OK    l.i;\<llll-i. 

(1  ciiliii'  ccntiuictri'M. 

n  vciliiini'.    "T  siilid,  wild-' 

I  liri'inlili  Jiiiil  tliickiu'.ss  ijiii 

lie  ili'ciiiit'tn'S,  Of  !i  voliini' 
Itii  is  uiio  niutre,  iiinl  lliitk- 

teri'S  —  100  ccntlstcres  - 
ic  (lofimetres. 

ilimii?  wiio.^i!  loiii;;th   is  oin 
1  and  tiiiikiics.s  out!  iiiftrc. 
0  metres,  or  a  vohimo  wlioso 
10  (lf(;ainotre.  and  tliickuo-^" 

00  cubic  metres. 

0  wliose  Icngtli  is  one  hcctn- 

id  tliickness  eaeh  one  deca- 


ni K    MKTKir   HV.><TK.M. 


M  Miitn  \i,  i,\rith:"<>i<i\  mu  mii.i  mk,  >>\i  sniiKiiy 


23 


Till'  Mdiditv.  or  ciiMteiits,  of  n  miIuiiio  i^  cxiiri'ssr-d  im/l/wrteallv  liV 
uiwii^'  the  miiiilicr  of  times  it  coiitaiiis  some  ;,'iveii  .solid  a,.«  tie'  unit 
"f  voliiiiie. 

Till'  lollowiiiu;  illustrations  will  sliow  liow  tin-  various  ileiioiniiiations 
111  the  lalile  ari'  ii-i'd  in  iiiimerii'al  ex|ires.-<ioiis  of  volmni'. 


Milll-lrri',  iir  (  lllilr  Kii'liiiclrr. 

1<>  iiiillisteres,   placed  side  liy  side,  make  a  volimie  wliose   lc'iii;tli 
i-  I'lM'  iiii'tre,  and  lireadlli  and  tliiekness  each  one  decjinetre,  thus,  — 

Ci'iili-liii-  -=  111  Alllllsiiri',*. 

In  I'i'iitisteri',  |ilaeed  sido  liy  side,  make  n  volume  wliose   |..||Hrth 
iiiii  hreailth  is  eaeli  oiio  metre,  and  thickness  one  decimetre,  thus,  — 


Id  decisteres,  placed  faoo  to  face,  inako  u  eulie  wliose  edge  is  one 
nutre,  thus,  — 


nil 


.store  =  lu  Ui'clatLTCS  =  100  Ccntisteri'S  =  10(XJ  Milllstcrcs. 

I'nmi  these  illustrations,  it  is  evident  that  the  contents  of  a  cuhie 
■tie  may  be  expressed  uunierieally,  as  S  1,  ,8  10, 38  100,  ^8  1000. 


24 


THE  Mirrnic  system. 


Tlic  fdllowing  figure*  illustratu  the  use  of 
tlio  sumo  four  ik-iumrmatioiis  in  cxiirossiug , 
tlio  coutcuts  of  II  culiiu  volume  wlmsu  edge  i 
is  one  metro  and  one  decimetre.  The  sur- 
face of  one  face  of  the  volume  contains! 
one  ccntiare,  two  milliarcs,  and  one  deci- ; 
milliaro,  tlius,  —  L 


!«.■ 


Ccntiaro. 


Milliiin'. 


,** 


:>~ 


Takini''  a  slalj  of  the  face  cmc  decimetre  thick,  tims,  — 
and  we  have  one  docistcre,  two 
c'cnlistcres,  and  one  millisitere. 
liut  tlie  volume  is  eleven  deci- 
metres thick  ;  therefore  we  have 
eleven  ,'«ucli  slaks  or  eleven  times  one  dccistere,  two  cetitisteres,  auJ 
one  millistere. 

(  11  millisteres  =  1  eentistere  and  1  millistere  ~  S  0.011 
=  \  'I'l  ceutistercs  ~  2  decist(;res  and  2  centisteres  =  S  (1.22 
(11  deci>teres    —  1  f;tero  and  1  decistcre  =  S  1.1 

Ml.l  X  Ml.l  X  Ml.l      =  Sl.;)31 

From  these  illustrations,  we  derive  the  following  rule  for  fmdinL'  n 
numerical  e.xpression  for  a  givja  volume  of  uniform  length,  breadth, 
and  thickness :  — 

Hulk.  Reduce  the  leugtn,  hrendtit,  and  thickness  to  the  sniih 
denomination  ;  find  the  pnduct  of  the  three  dimensions,  after  n- 
duct  ion,  and  point  off  as  r.^any  decinud  places  in  this  product  ii> 
there  are  decimal  places  in  ihe  three  dimensions. 

The  unit  of  the  numerical  ixpression  thus  found  will  be  a  millistcn 
when  the  \init  of  length  is  a  d.'cimetre,  a  store  when  the  unit  of  lengtl. 
is  a  metre,  a  kilostere  when  the  unit  of  length  is  a  decametre. 

EXAMPLES    FOR   l^RACTICE. 

1.  How  many  stores  in  a  wali  twenty-four  metres  long,  eight  aivi 
tive-tentli  metres  high,  and  iifty-two  centimetres  thick?  And  whui 
would  be  the  cost  of  building  it,  at  $1.25  a  store? 

Ans.  i.^  100.08.     Cost,  $450.84. 


SYSTE>r. 
B  USO  of 


1 


-U    L'dgO 

he  sur- 
•ontains 
10  (lecl- 


ii 


Centlare. 


MilliMi'v. 


■-<>^ 


^^ 


nctre  thick,  thus,  — 


10  tlccistore,  two  centisteres,  aud 

.  iiiul  1  millistcMC  =  S  0.011 

<  and  2  ci'iitisteros  =  S  ().-J2 

1  ducistuic  =  S  1.1 

Il.lXMl.l       =  Sl.:]31 

0  the  following  rule  for  finilini:  n 
uuic  of  uiiifonu  length,  breadth. 

dl/i,  mid  thickness  to  the  saw. 
f  the  three  dimensions,  after  n- 
cinud  places  in  this  jjroduct  "> 
a  dimensions. 

ion  thus  found  will  be  a  nuUi.stc'i\ 
•e,  a  store  when  the  unit  of  length] 

1  of  length  is  a  deeauictie. 

I    J-RACTICE. 

wcnty-four  metres  long,  eight  aivl 
0  centimetres  thick?     Aud  whui 
$t.'25  a  store  V 
$.  3  100.08.     Cost,  $450.84. 


TUii    ilKTlllC    hV.STKM.  ^J 

-2.  Vt'lial  wfiuld  be  tlio  cost  of  ii  \nh  of  wood  iii'tceu  r.nd  scvcn- 
tcntlis  nu!tves  long,  tlwee  iMctros  high,  and  seven  and  tfly-two  huu- 
,licdtlis  metres  wide,  at  ;?l..")0  u  store  '!  Ans.  ^fi^:iA>>. 

;',.  AVIiat  would  be  the  cost  of  excavating  a  cellar  eighteen  and 
tluce-tenths  nu-trcs  long,  ten  and  s^'vciity-ihrc!!  luuich-edllis  metres 
wide,  and  three  aud  four-tenths  metres  deeii,  at  l.">  eiMits  per  store  V 

Ans.  $100.14-}-. 

4.  How  deep  imist  a  box  be,  wliose  iiu-face  i:i  tliirty-two  milliares, 
t..  (ontaiu  .-uvea  iUid  tliirty-.-ix  hiuidroilths  s;ere.'>V       Ans.  ,^I  2.'). 

5.  llow  many  stcres  in  live  sticks  of  timber  of  tlie  folhnving  di- 
iiinisions:  First.  jM  5.2  by  ,M  7.:?,  and  M  i:5  long;  .second,  ,,:M  4:!. 
by..M  ()5,  and  M  17.5  long;  third,  ,:M  5.3  by  ,M  3.7,  and  M  15.12 
long;  fourth,  ,,:M  31)  by  ,M  50,  and  ?■!  14  lung;  iiftli,  ,>I  4.52  by 
,m1].78,  and  M  15  long.  Ans.  H  1  ^.470352. 

0.  Wliat  nni.-t  be  tiic  heiglit  (f  a  load  of  v.uod,  M  ;>.2  long  and 
^!  l.l  wide,  to  contain  S  4.012S.  Ans.  M  1.14. 

MEASUllEMEXT   OF  AXGLES. 

I:i  the  ordinary  or  i-exagesinuil  system,  a  riglit-angle,  whicli  is  used 
as  tlie  measure  of  all  jilano  angles,  is  divided  into  1)0  e^ual  parts, 
(idled  dcrees  ;  a  degree  is  divided  into  00  cipial  parts,  calh.'d 
minutes  ;  and  a  minute  into  00  ei^ual  parts,  called  seconds. 

In  the  centesimal  or  French  system,  a  right-angle  is  divided  into 
100  ciiual  parts,  called  grades;  a  grade  into  100  eipml  parts,  called 
iiiinules;  and  a  miinite  into  100  ei[nal  parts,  called  seconds. 

The  former  is  called  the  se.irigcsim(d  system,  on  account  of  tlio 
(iceurrenve  of  tlio  nundier  sijly  in  forming  the  subdivisions  of  a  de- 
irrea  ;  and  the  latter  ccnfesimal,  on  account  of  tlie  occiu-rence  of  the 
number  one  hundred. 

(Irades,  minutes,  and  seconds  arc  usually  written  thus:  3.5-' 42' 
24^^ ;  read,  thirty-five  grades,  forty-two  minutes,  twenty-four  second.s. 

Since  the  scale  is  centesimal,  minutes  may  be  exjiressed  as  hun- 
dredths, and  seconds  as  ten-thousandths  ;  hence  any  number  (jf  grades, 
minutes,  and  sefonds  may  bo  expressed  decimally  thus  :  73"  4500  ; 
read,  seventy-three  grades,  forty-five  minutes,  sixty-nine  seconds. 


T 


26 


THE    MRTinC   SYSTKM. 


Tu  ii  ri-ht-an-lo,  tluM-o  aro  100  gi-ulos,  or  00  dcgrcos ;  luMirr,  fnr 
every  lo"-nules  there  uro  9  .leaves.  Diviain-  tl.e  10  grades  into 
1»  e,iual  parts  or  degrees,  eaeh  part  will  .•ontaii.  \},  grades;  theret.nv 
a  de-reo  is  (Miual  to  1 1  grades.  Hence,  in  any  n.nnl.er  of  grade- 
,lKn•o^lro  as  n.any  dei^rees  as  V,,  is  contained  times  in  tl.o  given 
„nnd.er  of  grad..s  ;  an.l,  conversely,  in  any  nrnnl^er  <.f  d.-grecs  there 
arc  1  i  times  as  many  grades  as  there  are  degn^es.  Hence  the  iol- 
lowing  rules  :  — - 

TO   rllANCE  THE  n:XTESIM.VL    MKASUi:K  TO   TUK  ^KXAGESIHAI.. 

Wvuv..  /;./y;/r.«  ih-  minn'cs  anl  m-onds  <is  a  dcnmal  of  a 
qrade;  dlruk  h,,V,:  ^l>e  (juo'>ent  vill  cr/nrss  flu-  v>n<ihrr  of  ,/r- 
\,,rrs  and  drrlmuh  of  a  dr.jnr  in  (h-  <jircn  nnmh'v  vf  </nid.'S,  mm- 

ides,  and  seconds. 

r.\AMi'i.'.:s. 

Change  the  foUowing  .luautilies  from  the  centesimal  measure  to 

tl:;'  sexagesimal. 

.      o>-  o,4^  4.)"  Ans.  22°  48'  .'55.208". 

.;     ;,U;,v  Ans.  31' 1G.!):52". 

"•     s3«i:/sT*.  ^««-  74°  40' 29.;5S8". 

30''  08^  15".  ^««-  •>>'  ^''  ■^^\- 

U«15M',0«.  vt«s.  12°  44' 25.44". 

1)0^00^  00".  ^i''^-  ^^°,'^^^-^^'; 

18^  50^  25".  "■^"'''''  ^^*°  "^'"^  ^''^  ' 

TO   (  IIAXGE  TIIK  SEX.VGESIMAL  MEASUIIE  TO  THE  CENTESIMAI.. 

Hn.i;.  liediire  tin-  m!nn1os  and  srronds  in  a  decimal  of  u  de- 
ft ree  ;  nmltipl,/  the  dcf/rces  and  deciwul  of  a  decree.  !>,/  1 '  :  t/<e  pm- 
'duct  is  the  nun>her<f  f/rades,  minutes,  and  seconds  in  the  g.reu 
number  of  degrees,  minutes,  and  seconds. 

EX.VMl'I.KS. 

Change  the  following  quantities  from  the  sexagesimal  measure  ti 
the  centesimal. 

1      3(1°  18'  27".  -^"^-  '^^^'^  ^"^^  I'^a"- 

2'.     50'  54".  •'■^"*-  ^''  '^^  ^^^V'- 


3. 
4. 

5, 
(1. 


•). 
4. 
5. 
0. 
7. 


jiriir 
flie  f. 

1. 

"■y 
;it 
t 

,!i;i)0 
l-J  i: 
time! 


av«Wfc««s----''"» 


1 


-:m. 

:)r  90  degrcos;  luMUf,  fnr 
ivitling  tliu  ID  gnulcw  into 
itiiiii  1  ,\  gnuU's  ;  thoretuiv 
in  any  imiulier  of  griulc- 
aincd  times  in  tlio  given 
\l  nunilii'r  of  (Icgrces  tlicrc 
(Ic'Ti'Cs.     llunco  tlio  i'lil- 


;  TO  TIIK  M;XAGESni.VI.. 

oikIs  <is  (t  dcriiiKtl  of  It 
c.rpirss  the  iniiiil'cr  of  </'■ 
'II  nnnihiT  of  <j null's,  mni- 


tlic  centesimal  measure  to 

Ans.   22°  48'  :5:i.208". 

Ans.   31'  1G.!):52". 

Ans.   74°  40'  29.388". 

Aus.  ;!r  IT'  .00". 

Ans.   12°  44'  25.44". 

Ans.   81°  49'  5.111". 

Ans.   10°  30'  8.1". 

CUE  TO  THE  CEN'TESIMAI.. 

•oinls  fn  a  decimal  of  u  d<- 
of  II  deijrec  hi/  1 ,',  :  tlie  pm- 
,  and  seeonds  in  (lie  given 
's. 

.  the  sexagesimal  measure  ti 

Ans.  40^'  34^  lO?,". 
Ans.   1^-  i)'  37 ^V'- 


THE    MKTIilC   SYSTE.M. 


27 


3.  27°  3(i'  45". 

4.  iS'.t^    1;V  20". 

5.  !13°  14'  5S". 
0.  147°  24'  4S". 
7.  117°  30' 54". 


Ans.  30-  (IS^  5|;«. 
Ans.  21<i^  2S'  30i|^\ 

Ans.  l(y-  27^  7H';". 
An.i.  KW'/ 70' 2.^18}". 

Ans.  130'-'  68*  33",". 


TO  ril.VXGE  THE  JIF.TIMC  TO  THE  COMMON  SYSTEM. 

Rri.K.  Reduce  the  i/iven  t/niinfili/  to  the  denoniiniition  of  tlie 
jirineipal  nnit  if  the  table ;  innltijilij  bij  the  equivalent,  and  reduce 
tlie  product  to  the  required  denoini nation. 

1.      '.M  3.ti.  liow  many  fcetV 


Analysis.  —  Tlie  metic  is 
the  iiriiHi])al  unit  ot'tlie  tal>li'; 
hence  we  reduce  the  kilume- 
tres  to  metres.  Since  tliero 
are  .">!». li  7  incites  in  a  metre,  in 


Ol'UKATKI.V. 

■31  3.0  X   1000  ~  M  3(100 
;i0.37  in.  X  3(100  rr  1417.32  in. 
141732  in. -=-  12  in.  =  11811  ft 

ii^iiO  metres  there  are  ."idOO  times  ;)!i.;?7  inches;  and  since  there  are 
I  J  inches  in  a  foot,  there  are  as  many  feet  <as  VI  inches  is  containe<l 
limes  in  111  7;i2  inches.     Therefore  ''.^I  3.0  is  eijual  to  1181 1  feet. 

EXAMPLKS    FOIl    IMIACTICK. 

2.     TIow  many  feet  in  472  eeiitiinetres?       Ans.   15.4855\  ft. 
;!.     How  many  cubic  feet  in  2  kilosteres?     Ans.  70(i."52  cu.  ft. 

4.  How  many  gallons,  wine  measure,  in  325  decilitres  V 

Ans.  8  gals.  2.343  —  qts. 

5.  How  many  gallons  in  1 08.24  litres  ?     Ans.  28.594  -j-  gals. 
0.     How  many  bushels  in  3202  kilolitres"^ 

Ans.  92559.25  bush. 
7.     How  many  S([uare  yards  in  430  arcs? 

Ans.  52145.(3  s([.  yds. 
S.     In  942325  centilitres,  how  many  bu.shels  V 

Ans.  207.3S47  +  bush. 
9.     In  430  niyriagranunes,  how  many  pounds 't 

Ans.  0011.9314  lbs. 


ii^Li'ri^^^^.-^^ii-''- 


28 


THK    MKTIUC    SYSTKM. 


OI'KHATION. 

10  U.S.  4  <>/..  -  lo.-jr)  lbs. 

10.'2r)llis.  X  7000  =  71Tr)0  jjr. 

Tlir.O  -r.  -^  1.V4W  -r.  =  (i  4t;4'.t.43  — 

(i  4C,4<,t.4:!  — -^  lOiioo  =  ^G  .404114:;  — 


Ins. 


T(.   CIIANI.I-.    1I!(.M    Tlir.   (OMMON    TO   TUK   MKTUIC   SYSITM. 
Ull.K.       /^'■'/"'■''  '/"■    '/'■'■'■"  '/"""''■','/  '"  '''"■   '/''"O""'"'"''"'   '■"   "'^"'''' 

,/,V,V/--  />//  t/ns  e.iuhmlvni.  and  rclnr,  (he  .rmtioa  to  the  re^iunrd 
(lenitnunatliiu. 

1.     Ill  to  lbs.  4  <>:',.  h(iw  many  myriagramincs? 

Analysis.— 
'I'lic  <iraninii'. 
the  pniK'ili:il 
unit  of  till' 
table,  i.s  I'x- 
j)it'sse(l         ill 

.rniiin;  lioiu'c  we  iT.lin'e  the  i-oumls  and  ounces  to  ^'rains  ir).4:i-.' 
grains  make  one  -vamme ;  hen<e  there  are  as  many  arainn.es  m.  1  ..v' 
grains  as  l-..i:V>  jirains  is  contained  times  in  TIT.V)  rrrains.^  Ami  siiirr 
there  are  louoo  ;^ramines  in  a  niyriap-amnie.  dividing  G  46 10.43—  bv 
10000  will  pive  tlie  myriajxraimnes  in  10  pounds  4  ounces.  Therefore 
10  lbs.  4  oz.  is  eijual  to  Hr  404943  — 

KXAMl'LES    KOK    I'RACTICK. 

'>      In  G17-2.8  i.uuikIs,  how  many  decagrammes? 

Ans.  'G  280000. 
r,.     ITow  many  lieotares  in  2:]!)2  .sciiiaro  yards'^       Ans.  "A  .2. 

4  How  many  arcs  in  a  square  mile 't 

Jms.  A2r.809.0Gr.5r.2— . 

5  How  many  millisteres  in  18924  eubio  yards? 

Ans.  ;,S  14407889.0082 +. 

0      In  892  "rains,  how  many  hectogrammes? 

J»s. -G  .578019. 

7  In  2  miles,  0  furlongs,  39  rods,  and  ;">  yards,  how  many 
kilometres?  ^^--  ^M  4.020410 +._ 

H.  Bought  4.".4  bush,  wheat  at  S3,  and  sold  the  same  at  b'S..' 
per  hectolitre  ;  how  many  hectolitres  did  I  sell  ?     Did  I  gain  or  lo.- 

'"^^^^"^'""'-■•^■-  ^n..  =L1G0.     Gain,S38. 


R. 


AV 


Ci 


j'i-»«eRiSBi*e?**»--- 


,  J  jSKwPas.Sr'i^  ""^^ 


..."-•-,  -.,  .>if,^.^~W*^i£-ie^u.'i: -Ir.at-' 


1. 


THK   MKTUIC    SYSTKM. 


29 


UK   MKTUK    SYSTKM. 

(IrllomliKlfrilt  ill  will' I: 
ii'tiir  htlilv  is  ix/»rss('il : 
rpiotient.  to  f/ie  ref/iilrrd 


lunics : 

Analysis.— 

'I'lic   <iraniiiii'. 

the    pniK'iii;il 

unit     ol'     111'' 

tiibli',    is    I'x- 

prt'ssed         in 

ouiu-es  to  jiiiiins      15.4 lij 

,s  many  |.'r;innnc's  in  TK.V 

717,')i»  grains.     And  since 

.  (lividin;.'  (;i(!l!».4;<—  hy 

iuUs  4  ounces.    Thurefon', 


-     Alls. 


ncE. 


n-iimines  ? 


Alls.  Hi  280000. 
<  yards  V       Aiis.  "A  .2. 

IS.  A2r)809.GGrj5r)2— . 
bic  yards? 
,814407889.0082 +. 

mnics  ■' 

Ans.  -G  .578019. 
,  and  f)  yards,  how  iniiir 

Ans.  •'M4.()2(U10+. 
111(1  sold  the  same  at  S8.7i 
t  sell  'i     Did  I  gahi  or  lo.so 

ns.  "-L  IGO.     Gain,  $38. 


MISCKLL.XNKOIS    KXAMTLKS, 
Required  the  footings  of  the  following  bills  :  — 

0) 

Nkw  Vokk,  A|inl  2;>,  1S(J7, 


W.    J.     Mll.NK, 

31  122  Rroitdeloth, 

"  :!20  Hid.  Shirting, 

"  2:!0  White  Flannel, 

"  2(li;.i")  Tifking, 

"  107.!)  IJlk.  Silk, 

Reed  Payment, 


Hot  of  L.  Coor.KV  &  Son. 
di     Sli.dO 

.no 

.31 
2.40 

Ans.  S12or).!,l75 

L.  CooLKv  &  Son. 

(2-.) 

]?i;kkai.o,  :MMy  I,  1SG7. 
C11.VS.  D.  M(Lean, 

lio't  of  W.M.    liKNEDICT. 

40  chests  Tea.               each  ''C  30.5  C"  S  2.50 

12>acksJava  CoflVe,  '•  40.(1(1 

25  hills.  Cotiee  Sugar,  each  "(I  110  "  .32 

10    "     Crushed   "        "  ■■■(;■    !»5  "  .38 

30  hoxcs  Uai.-^ins,  "  "G    12  "  .50  

Ans. 
Reed  Payment, 


S4!  15 1.00 
W.M.  IJenkdut. 


3.  A  man  hon^ht  a  lot  of  land  'M  40  long  and  '-'."M  20  wide,  and 
Mild  oiie-tliird  of  it.  How  many  ares  had  he  left,  and  what  was  the 
(mM  of  tlie  lot.  at  SKlO  jicr  acre'.' 

Ans.  tvjirst,  A  53333. 33.V.     Ans.  to  second,  SGG889.G3 -[-. 

4.  A  farmer  sold  "L  540  of  wheat  at  SO,  and  invested  the  jiro- 
ceeds  in  coal  at  $8  per  ton.  How  many  niyriagrainmes  of  coal  did 
he  purchase".'  Ans.  H!  3G741.835147 -|-. 

5.  AVhat  will  be  the  cost  of  a  pile  of  wood  M  42.5  long,  IM  2.  high, 
.M  1.9  wide,  at  §2  per  store '?  Ans.  S32o. 


,-  ...--.-,  :,  .i^5r__A.';-ti4«^J:^!i*- 


80 


THE   METRIC  SYSTEM. 


8. 
many 
wheat, 

[). 

10. 


r,      IIow  ...any  .n.'t.rs  of  .l.irting,  at  S.'25  p"  metre,  must  be 
give.  i..  exchange  for  -'L  JJOO  oats,  at  Sl.'iO  per  '""-'^J'^'J^^'^^  ^.^j^_ 

7.     A  Ki-ooor  In.ys  letter  at  S.'iS  per  11..,  a..a  sells  it  at  !?,t;u  per 
kilogran...."e.     Does"  he  gain  or  lose,  and  what  per  ee..; ■''■ 

Alls.  Lost  i:ii]:\  >• 

A  lii.i  of  wheat  measures  M  ".  S((nare,  an.l  M  "25  -leep.      11"W 
hcetolitres  will  it  contain,  an.l  what  will  be  the  cost  (^_the 
at  S2  per  bushel?  Ans.  ^.C^^b.     $:5r.4(i.8.o. 

What  price  per  pounil  is  eriuivalent  to  $2.50  \m-  -0  I 

Aii.s.  Sll.o4. 

A  merchant  bought  M  240  of  silk  at  $2,  and  sold  it  at  §1.95 

per  yard.     Did  he  gain  or  lose,  and  how  much  V 

'  Alls.  <»ain  Sjj.il.ol. 

11     Find  the  measure  of  V  5"  in  decimals  of  a  degree. 

Alls.  .00945. 

1-1      \  mcrhant  shipped  to  France  50  bbls.  of  cotlee  sugar,  each 
co..tai..i..g  250  lbs.,  paying  §2  per  l.u,.dred  for  tra.,spo,-tation.     He 
sold  the  sugar  at  $.B4  per  kilogra.nme,  a.d  invest.-d  the  pr.,cec.  s  m 
l„.oadeloth  at  S4  per  metro.     How  many  yards  of  broadcloth  d.d  he 
,       ,  Ans.  45S.71  +  yds. 

i;{      The  diflcrence  between  two  angles  is  10  grades,  a..d  their 
sum  is  45°.     Fi..d  each  a..gle.  ^ns    18°  and  27    . 

14  l)eter...ine  the  number  of  degrees  in  the  unit  of  angular 
measure  when  an  angle  of  GO^  grades  is  represented  by  20 

Ans.  6  . 

15  IIow  many  centiares  of  plastering  in  a  house  containi..g  six 
roo...s  of  the  foUowh.g  dimensi.3ns,  deducting  one-twelfth  for  iloors 
wh.dows,  and  baseV  and  what  would  be  the  cost  of  the  work  at  d8 
ce,.ts  per  ectiareV  First  room,  M  0.2  X  M  47 ;  «'-W  romn, 
M  4  52  X  >I  -I ;  third  room,  M  6  X  M  5.2 ;  fourth  room,  INI  ^8.  X 
M  3  82 ;  fifth  room,  M  7  X  M  0-2 ;  sixth  room,  M  4.5  X  M  4.'-o. 
Heighlofeach room, M 3.8.    ^««.  ,Ayu8.940G4-.   $212.40—. 


The 
Aiimi.M 

■■<  iiiit 

.""(■vrr 
il'.hl  III 
•.rti'd. 

I'liis  • 
witli  pre 


15  por  metre,  must  be 
}v  lu'ctolitre  V 

Ans.  1440  yds. 
nil  sells  it  at  !?.<■>•»  per 
per  een; . '! 
Atis.  Lost  'mi  %• 
md  M  '2.-)  deeii.      IT<>w 
,-ill  be  the  cost  of  tlie 
i(V25.     $:5r)4(>.875. 
$;2.50i.er-OY 

V1//.S-.  sn.34. 
;2,  and  sold  it  at  SI. 05 

Alts.  Oain  S31.81. 
s  of  a  decree. 

Ans.  .00945. 
Is.  of  cotleo  suj:;ar,  eaeh 
for  transportation.  He 
invested  tlic  proceeds  in 
(Is  of  broadcloth  did  be 
Ans.  458.71  +  yds. 
i  is  10  gi-ades,  and  tlieir 

Ans.  18°  and  27°. 

in  the  \init  of  angular 
resented  by  20. 

Alls.  3°. 
n  a  house  containing  six 
ng  one-twelftli  for  doors, 
a  cost  of  the  work  at  38 
<  M  4-7  ;  second  room, 
;  fourth  room,  M  3.82  X 
room,  M  4.5  X  M4.25. 
[)40G4-.   §212.40  — 


PERCENT  AGE. 


Tlic  follinviiiK  pnfjcs  on  rfrcciitnKP  nro  tiikcii  from  Rotiinson's  IIioiikr 
Ai;miMi;ri(  ,  ami  will  be  found  of  jiructlcivl  vuluf  to  the  s'tuiknt  iinJ  tlic  biisi- 
ii'--<  man. 

Scviral  pages,  on  tlie  (lid'erent  kinds  of  I'.  S,  Si'ciirUi'K,  /iOkiAi,  Trmnvrii  Xolr.i, 
''•"I'l  Investments,  Cum  my,  I'yi-.,  with  I'raitical  H.vnniiilis,  have  recently  been  in- 
•irted. 

Tliis  clmngo  and  addition  will  not  interfere,  in  tlie  use  of  the  use  of  tlie  book, 
Willi  previous  editions  of  the  liunie. 


iviiv^i'-A^ii-Wr'fr 


^.i-gtawr- 


S  T  0  ('  K  S. 


403.  A  Company  is  an  assnciatinn  of  iiidiviihiiils  Inr  trio 
jToseeution  of  somo  industrial  undiTtukinj,'.  Companies  may  lio 
incorporated  or  iinincorporatod. 

46J.  A  Corporation  is  a  body  formed  and  autliorizetl  )>}  law 
t(i  act  as  a  sin^'lc  person. 

403.  A  Charter  is  the  lojral  act  of  incorporation,  and  defines 
the  jiowers  and  obliirations  of  the  incorjiorated  body. 

400.  A  Firm  is  the  name  under  which  an  unincorporated 
company  transacts  business. 

j{„TK.— A  iirii-iite  banking  oompary,  or  a  mnnufiicturin);  or  cnmmeroial  firm 
is  also  callucl  ii  Il'mnf. 

407.  'ri'i^^  Capital  Stock  of  a  corporation  is  the  money  con- 
trliiuted  ami  employed  to  carry  ou  the  business  of  the  comjiaiiy. 

408.  Joint  Stock  Is  the  money  or  capital  of  any  company, 
incorporated  or  unincorporated. 

400.  Scrip  or  Certificates  of  Stock  are  the  pajicrs  or  docu- 
liients  issued  by  a  corporation,  irivinf,'  the  members  their  vesjiectivu 
titles  or  claims  to  the  joint  capital. 

470.  A  Share  is  one  of  the  equal  parts  into  which  capital 
stock  is  divided.  The  value  of  a  share  in  the  ori;:inal  contril)U- 
(ion  of  capital  varies  in  different  companies;  in  bank,  insurance, 
iind  railroad  companies  of  recent  organization,  it  is  usually  SIOO. 

471.  Stockholders  are  the  owners  of  stock,  either  by  oriirinal 
title  or  by  subseijucnt  purchase.     The  stockholders  constitute  the 

company. 

XoTKS  —1  The  capital  stock  of  any  cnrporntion  is  limiteil  by  the  charter.  As 
II  I-enerul  rule,  (mlv  n  portinn  is  pui.l  at  the  time  of  Bubsaiptiun,  the  residue 
bung  reserved  fur  future  uulliiys  or  disbursements. 


:u 


l-KIU'EXTAdK. 


2.  Whpn  tl,o  c»ril.>l  "t"'-''  »'"•  l""""  ""  1'""'  '"•  "'"""•''  '"vi  ''7"7'  •  '^  "7';- 
,„n,  l.y  / .ur.Ml  l.y  .m.r.^'nj!,.  ..1-.   the  l.r..,„.r.y.      ili.'  '--'«  .»-ue,l  l.r 

ii,.;..  I..II.K-  .mill.'  tin-  ii"i'i« r-  <" » '■""•''  ••'"•; "'  "'"•"■*[■ .     ,    , 

■1    StM.kM,  a.  u  i!r.,..r;,l  na i.M'li'"  tn  lb.'  mti,.  mm.)  l..,n.U  ..f  n  c..rp.,rn  ion, 

t,.'p,v.T.nnrnl  Ihhi.I^  iiii.l  l.ul.lio  Hvuriri.',.,  iiiul  I.,  ull  pap'T  ri'lTen'iillng  juii.l 
cupilal  (.r  .liiiins  ii|.<.n  onrpdn.tr' ImmII.  K.  r.  ii.r,,i. 

4  TIh'  iiirii.luTs  (pf  nil  iiic.riiiinit.Ml  .'uinpany  aro  mdiviaually  liaHi-  fnr  t)  •• 
,l,.l'l.«  ana  olilipilhiiis  c.r  111.'  (M.iiii.aiiv.  I"  iIk'  ninmint  ..f  i.:rir  inl.Tri.t  nr  ol"' k 

i„  il„.  , ,.„,,iv,  ami  In  nil  ^'r.■al.•r  aiiiuiiiil.     Hut  lli"  intiiitn'rB  ol  a  liim  or  limi- 

nr.'  i.i.livi.lunllv  lial.lo  ('..r  all  tin'  ili'l't-  nt„l  ..l.linatii.ns  ..f  llio  f(.iii|.aiiy,  without 
lojiaia  In  lliu  a'liiHiiiit  <.f  lli.'ir  ^llarl!  or  inHT.sl  in  llu'  c.iiicrrii. 

Tlio  ciili'iiliitiim^^iii'licrcontagc  in  stocks  aro  tivati'd  in  this  worii 

umicr  tlic  heads  of 

Stuek-jolljing,  Afsscssments  ami  l)i\iiIi'nJa,  and  Stock  Invcst- 

nii'iii^. 

sTorK-Jonnixo. 

•I7r2.  Stock-jobbing  is  the  ImjinL'  and  scllin-;  of  stocks  with 
u  virw  til  r.ali/.i'  -iiiii  rrmii  thrir  tIm'  aiid  fall  in  tlic  market. 

'1715.  'I'he  Nominal  »r  Par  value  of  stock  is  the  sum  In. 
vliiiii  the  scrip  or  certificate  is  is^^iicd. 

47-1.  The  Market  or  Real  value  of  stuck  is  the  sum  fir 
whiih  it  will  sell. 

47."5.    f^tuek    is  At  Par  when    it    s.lls    fir  its    first  cost,  or 

iHiiiiiiial  value. 

470.  ^'"ik  is  Above  Par,  at  a  premium  or  advance,  when  it 
sflis  for  mure  than  its  iinniiiial  vtiliie. 

477.   Stock  is  Below  Par,  or  at  a  di«coun;    when  it  sells  fur 

less  tiian  its  numinal  value. 

v,,r,.-  —Wli.n  tliP  business  of  n.  company  pnys  InrRe  prolM  to  the  Pto,k- 
holikTs'.'tlie  .took  will  lie  worth  more  lliaf  it-  oricinal  eost ;  hut  -.vhen  tlie  hu.-, 
ne<i  aoes  not  nay  expenses,  the  value  of  the  .«toek  will  lie  less  than  its  ,,ripi,;il 
cost.  The  uver.iiie  iniirkel  vaiiie  of  Muck  generally  varies  Uireetly  as  the  r.itj 
of  profit  which  liie  husiness  jiays. 

47H.  A  Stock  Broker  is  a  person  who  buys  and  sells  stocks, 
tltii.r  for  himself,  or  as  the  airent  of  another. 

X„Ti-  —A  person  cmploycil  bv  a  manufacturer,  wliolesnk-  (tenlcr,  or  commission 
tnJrelia'nt.  to  seek  eust.niier.s  iiiiil  close  luircains,  at  or  from  his  place  ol  buBiness, 
is  eiilled  11  l.n,l.-e,;  of  the  clas3  or  kiuJ  corresponding  to  his  husiness. 

479.   Brokerage  is  the  fee  or  compensation  of  a  broker. 
4SO.    The  calculations  in  stock-jobbing  aro  based  upon  th. 
following  relations: 


■ 


-'  '^  !rtsSfl|i(ft^*- — 


STOCKS. 


35 


iiinry  iiiny  li"  niiM'il,  if  niri  <. 

juTly.      'lllf  hiilliln    liiKUUii    I.  r 

■rcM. 

nml  IhiimU  (if  II  curponilinn, 
I  nil  ftai'iT  ri.'i>rviiL'iitiiig  juli.i 

ro  iiiiliviilunlly  liiiMi-  fcir  I)  " 

llllt  irl'   l.irir  illllTi'l't    IT    ft'"  k 

ic  iniiiilnTB  (il'ii  Unii  nr  liiiii-i' 
iniin  (.r  till'  Cdinliiiiiy,  without 
111'  conciTii. 

I  uro  tri'iitrd  in  tliis  work 
oiiJa,  and  Stock  Invtsl- 


1(1  scllin;;  of  stocks  with 
I'itll  ill  ill!'  iiiiiikct. 
of  stuck  is  the  sum  In. 

of  stuck  is  tlic  sum  i'^r 

Us    for  its    first  cost,  or 

Ilium  or  lulvancc,  when  it. 

liijcouiii    ^\llcll  it  .sells  for 

lys  liifRO  priiOM  til  the  ptuiU- 
ijliiiiil  cost;  lull  '.vlicii  llii;  liii.-i 
li  -iviU  Iju  1<'ss  Itiaii  its  (iri(;iiiiil 
iilly  varies  diri'illy  as  tlio  into 

:lio  buys  and  sells  stocks, 

ithor. 

wliolcsale  (Ipnlor,  or  commission 

lit  or  from  liia  |iliice  of  business, 

iing  to  his  liufiness. 

cnsation  of  a  broker, 
biuy  aro  based  upon  th<" 


I    Tniiiiiim,  discdunl,  tiiid    brokcrn;.'C  iiff  cnc]\   a  prrrcntngr^ 

|i.||||iUlcd  upon   (lie  p.ir  \;iiof  of  tlic  stock  as  llir  /»rs''. 

li.  Tlic  niiirkct  value  of  stock,  or  the  jirocccils  of  a  sale,  is  ilio 
iniiniiiif  or  i/ij)'i n  iiir,  uccordinj:  tis  the  sum  is  greater  or  le.s.>*  tliaii 
till'  ]iar  value. 

NmTk  1.— In  all  ('xamplo?  r.'lnting  l'  utork^,  $100  will  bo  ronsiilcred  n  i^liarc, 
uiilcsa  utUvrwinu  ululcii. 

KXA>n't.F.S    FOR   rnACTICE. 

1.  "What  cost  !')\  .shares  of  Heading  Railroad  stock,  at  4}  '/o 

|>i  I'lniuin  ? 

fiPKiiATiov.  Anai.v.-is.      \\C    tir>t 

$.VIOO  X    .ti  l.'i  =  8-4;{,  iircmiiun.        c(iiii|niti'    thi'     pniaiiiin 

?JKJ(t  +  ?-l.'i  =  MV-i,   Ann.  ii|M,ii  ilo' par  \ahii' ni' tho 

Or,  stuck,  ami  llml  it  to  Im 

f)4(IO  X  81.04.")  =  ?5t;4;i,  An».         ^-.H'' :  H'MiiiK  this  to  ilio 

S.Vldl),  wecilifaiii  tlicccist, 
i.r  market  value,  l^.'il'il,'!.  <lr,  since  every  ilnllar  ipf  the  stock  will  cnst 
H  jiliis  the  premium,  or  1*1. Oh'),  $.*>4ttU  will  cost  o4(H»  X  !?l.(l4.j  =3 
fxi-lli. 

L'.  What  do  I  receive  for  Itli  sliares  of  tclcfrraph  .stock,  which  a 
lipiker  .sells  lor  me  at  l.'i  '^  discount  charj,'injr  1  '/(   hrokera;;e? 

AsAi.vsis.  .\i|iliii(; 
the  rate  of  iirokeraj;o  to 
tiie  rate  of  ill.seoiiiit,  we 
lia\e  .l.VJ.'i;  hence  i^l 
will  hriiij;8l— S.1.VJ')= 
$.S47'),  and  l?;!l2(H)  will 


Ol'EKATION. 

.15  +    .OOiT)  =     l.'iL'.'S 
?1.U(.»  — e.l."j:io  =  ^.XAlb  proceeds 

of  81  of  stock. 
'J200  X  S.S47r.  =  8-J71'.',  Aus. 


ring  ;it200  X  S.M475  =  82712. 

'•>.  J  jmt  8:55400  into  the  hands  of  a  broker  to  hi!  invested  in 
iissouri  State  Bonds,  when  their  market  value  is  1-  '/,  below  par; 

iw  many  shares  shall  1  receive,  if  the  broker  eharoea  k  '/^  I'ur 
IS  .services  'i 

OI'ERATIO.H. 

81.00  —  8.12    =  S.S8,  market  value  of  81. 
8  .8*S  +  g.OUi  =  .885,  cost  of  81. 
8d5400  -V-  .f<.^5    =  84UU0O  =  4UU  share.s,  Ans. 
An.\i,vsis.     Since  the  stock  is  \'2  </r  Jielow  par,  tiie  market  value  of 
^1  is  8.S8  ;  adding  the  rate  of  brokerage,  we  liuJ  that  every  dollar  of 


.30 


rK.RCKNTA'M". 


*  ;L,  'Jo.  The  r«..  ..f  l>r„.cr,.«.  u.  NVw  Y„rU  H.y  iw.  .....  ft...  by  eu,- 

»'■?;,  '^ir;;::::r....  .„. ; ;--•!):;  r":"';:;::!^:::'".':^--:  ^  S 

4    What  is  the  umrket  value  of  15  Ohio  State  b.,...!.  at  ,  . 

Am.  rlti!^"- 

r,    What  .hull  T  realizo  .,„  20  chares  of  I'anuu.a  railmul  .tn,k 

„,  i:!-,  V;.hrokera...-at  1|  '/,'!  :!"'•/-*,, 

r,    M^...-nthou,h,   l;.rnHM20.haro«of^^^.(Vntvalr:,, 

road  stoek,  imjin;.  m  '/. ,  and  charging  brokerage  at  i  '/  juh.t 

did  tlie  stock  eust  liie  .'  ,,     ,  ■ 

7,  What  cost  :;.;  shares  in  the  Merchants'  muk,  at  a  prennum 

of  7*  '/,  ,  brokerage  J  '//'  .   ,      ,,    i  i 

8    A  speculator  invested  $lVm  in  shares  of  the  llarlen.  nnl- 

roah  at  a  discount  of  Wl  '/  ;  »'"^^  "•''">'  '^'"'"'^  ''''I  '^^  ''">.,,., 
(».  If  K)U  shares  of  the  Hank  of  Conuuerce  sell  for  m)\A 

what  is  the  rate  of  prcnuum  .'  .  ■    '!"'\      i\\ 

10  \  broker  receives  ^IS447  to  bo  invested  .n  bonds  ot  tl. 
Michigan  Central  railroad,  at  «).U  ^/c  )  how  "'uch  Htock  cu»  ho 
h'lv    iillo\vin<'lJ  '/^brokerage? 

'l  M  V  a.-ut  sells  h:!U  barrels  of  r,.>nesee  flour  at  SO  p.-r  barr.l, 
connniJsion  5  >/, ,  .„d  invests  the  proceeds  in  st,,ck  of  tW  IV.u,. 
.ylvania  Coal  Con.pany,  at  H23  '/. ,  charging  i  %  !or  n.ak.ng  tl. 
T.urchasc ;  how  many  shares  do  I  receive  I  ^1  «■'•     ' 

12  T  purchased  IS  shares  of  Ocean  Telegraph  stock,  par  va  n 
?r,00  ,.er  share,  at  a  premium  of  2  r/„  and  «old  tl'^';-'»;",i^;'^- 
.uunt  of  2S  7,  ;  what  was  my  loss  ?  -l''«-  «-7««' 

NoTB  5.  -  The  rate  of  loss  i9. 02. +.28 -=.30,  or. 30  »^. 

13  A  speculator  exchanged  83000  of  railroad  bonds,  at  .)  , 
ai..count,  for  27  .shares  of  stock  of  the  SufTolk  Ba..k,  at  d  ^, 
premium,  receiving  the  difference  in  cash;  how  much  money  d,! 

^'i4.''a  uierchant  owning  525  shares  in  the  American  Exchaufc' 


Hank 
wiiril 

•■nld   I 

It; 

[ireni 

17 

comp 

Mt    !».") 

ill.'  > 

IS 
niiun 

10 
nf  10 
jiurel 

20 
par,  t 
in  trt 

21 
M  <■/, 

n</, 

\anc( 

2;! 

lirok( 


4J 

i|;iire 

'%> 
meet 

I  I'dtit 


■,\n<)  tho  broVor  rnn  Jmv 

rk  city  hnii  l'""*"  ««"'  ^'J  ""■ 

fiiiinn  "r  iliKomint.  tin-  rule    ! 
■  uf  |iri'iiiiiiiii  or  (liKCiiuiil,  '  )■ 
lull  iiiiiv  require, 
■mill  yrr  ront.  "f  the  y-"''.  "J 
iioii'il  ul  101  ';,  ;  itioi'k  ttt  a  ',) 

io  State  boiulr*  at  11-  '/i  •' 

A,u.  81C.S0. 
of  Paiiuiiiii  railniail  ^tnik 

An».  8-'»">6r>. 

res  of  X.  V.  ('.Mitral  nil- 
lirokfra-i'  at  {   '/,  ;  wlii' 

Ann.  ?'.t7r)0. 
ants'  l^aiik,  ut  a  preiuiiini 

hares  of  tlio  llarli-in  rail- 
ly  nliaros  d'ul  lu'  buy  ? 
(iiiiuercc  sell  for  ^lOlfiO, 

Ans.  i  </,'. 
invested  in  liomls  of  tli.' 
liuw  much  Btoek  eau  1^' 

[icsec  flour  at  SO  r<'r  ^'f""'''  '• 
eds  in  t^toek  of  the  IV'iiii- 
rj;in"  i  '/v  f'^r  mtikini.'  tli-: 
.J.V  .Irts.  57. 

Teleirraph  stock,  par  vain 
and  sold  the  same  ut  a  iW^ 
Ans.  82700. 

I,  or  .30*^. 

of  railroad  bonds,  at  o  '}. 
he  SuflFolk  Bank,  at  SI  ',: 
ish ;  how  much  money  JiJ 

in  the  American  Exchan;.'' 


STOCKS. 


.•17 


I?ank,  worth   I'U   <^  ,  oxchanp'.''   them  Cr  I'liitod  Stnlejt  Imnd^ 
wurili  Kt'i  ''  ;  how  miU'h  of  the  l.'itlcr  sfo«-k  doi-<  he  receive l* 

l.'t.  I  purehii-ed  I 'J  -liiirc'*  of  slm  k  ;ii  a  preuiiiini  ot"  ft  >/,  ,  and 
-'iiid  the  same  nt  ft  lofls  of  AOft ;  what  wu*  '^le  sellitii:  price? 

Hi.  llavinj:  hoiiv'ht  ?rttOOO  stock  in  t'leCnniinl  iiiiii',  at  "J '^fi 
preiiiiinu,  at  wliiit  [irii'o  must  I  sell  il,  tu  _  lin  B2!)iW! 

Ann.   ]0i\  '/^. 

17.  A  sprenlator  houp;ht  2r)0  shares  in  a  (^arson  \'alley  niinini; 
company  at  lOl!  '/, ,  and  I 'il>  sliares  of  the  Western  Hailmad  stuck 
lit  !•.")  '/(,  ;  he  exchati^'ed  the  whole  at  tlie  same  rates,  liir  shares  in 
the  N.  V.  Central  Uailroad  at  Si)  '/,.,  which  he  aft.Tward  .suld  at 
h,')  ^.     How  mueli  did  ho  j^ain?  Ans.  ?2ri(i(>. 

IH.  I  purchased  stock  at  par,  and  sold  fhi>  same  at  '.\  '/,■  pro- 
niium,  thereby  jrainintr  87^10;  how  many  shares  did  I  purcha.soy 

1(1.  A  broker  biin^rht  Illinois  State  bonds  at  W',\  '/„,  and  .•<old 
nt  10')  '/(I.     His  prolits  wuro  d'2U);  what  wna  the  ninount  of  lii.H 


[lurchiise  ? 


Aii^.  812000. 


20.  A  man  invested  in  mining  stock  when  it  was  4  '/o  above 
jar,  and  afterward  sold  his  shares  ut  5J  '/g  discount,  lliti  losa 
ill  trade  was  87t)0;  how  many  shares  did  he  purchase? 

21.  ]  invested  8('iS(U  in  (iovernment  lionds  at  10(1  '^^ ,  jiaynij? 
Jl  '/,  bnikerafic,  and  afterward  sold  tiiu  stock  at  112  '/, ,  paying 
] '  '/  brokerajre ;  what  was  my  j^ain  ?  Ann.  8208. 

22.  How  much  money  must  be  invested  in  stocks  at  3  'y^  ad- 
\aiicc,  in  order  to  jrain  8l!^0  by  .sellin;,'  at  7  '/„  advance? 

'j;').  How  many  shares  of  stock  mu.-jt  bo  sold  at  4.  '/u  discount, 
brukera!.'e  J  f^,  to  realize  84775?  -I'w.  -'lO. 

INSTALLMENTS,    ASSKSSMENTS,    AM)   mVinEND3. 

4SI.  All  Installment  is  a  portion  of  the  capital  stock  rc- 
i|iiir(il  I'f  the  stockholders,  as  a  jiayment  on  tiieir  subscription. 

.JS*},  An  Assessment  is  a  sum  required  of  .stockholders,  to 
meet  tlie  losses  or  the  business  exjienses  of  the  company. 

'1H3.  A  Dividend  is  a  sum  jiaid  to  the  .stockludders  Irom  tho 
1  idlits  of  tho  business. 


38 


PF.nCEKTAnK. 


484.  Gross  Earningc  ar.^  all  the  moneys  rcceivca  from  tl.o 
rc"-uliir  business  oi'  the  eoinpaiiy. 

4S.1.  Net  Earnings  are  the  moneys  left  after  paying  expense., 
hw.es,  ami  the  L.terest  upon  the  bonds,  if  there  be  any. 

486  In  ;1h!  division  of  the  net  earnings,  or  the  apportion- 
ment  of 'dividends  and  assessments,  the  ealeulations  arc  made  by 
■;i„ding  the  rate  per  eent.  whieh  the  sum  to  be  distributed  or  a<. 
^e-e.i  bears  to  tlie  entire  capital  stock.     Hence, 

487.  Dividends  and  assessments  arc  ix  p,ranta<jc  comput.u 
upon  the  par  value  of  the  stock  as  the  base. 

EXAMPLES    FOR   PRACTICE. 
1.  Tlie  Long  Island  Insurance  Company  declares  a  dividend 
ot  G  '/o  ;  vvhatlloes  A  receive,  wlio  owns  14  shares? 

Analysis.       Aecnrding     to 

orr.RATiov.  449.    we    multiply    tlie    baso, 

$1-100  X  .U0  =  S8-4  ei40f\    by  the   rate,  .(Hi,   anil 

olitaiu  the  dividend.  S'S4. 

'>     \  canal  company  whose  subscribed  fun.ls  amount  to  8S4000, 
rcpiires  an  installment  of  $0300  ;  what  per  cent,  must  the  stock- 

holders  pay? 

AvM.vsis.    Acoording  to 
orEKATiox.  ^'^•^■^         ,.   .,        ,       . 

cr-nn    ■    j^JOno-  07 J  450.    v.o    divide    the    iii- 

gO.,00  -r-  ^4000  -  .0/  *  ,t,„,„,„t,  s(iyuO,  which  i= 

i^nrcntwie.  by  the  ha,c,  $84000,  and  ..btuin  the  rate,  .OTA  =  7J  </o. 

3  A  nan  owns  50  shares  of  railroad  stock,  and  the  company 
has  declared  a  dividend  of  8  %  ;  what  does  he  receive? 

4  I  own  $15000  in  a  mutual  insurance  company;  how  many 
.hares  shall  I  possess  after  a  dividend  of  G  r/,  has  been  declared. 

,',    .      ,    ,  V  ^'l».s-.  159  shares, 

payable  in  stock  !  ,.  . ,      ,    t-  i  -  r/ 

5.  The  I'ittsburgh  Gas  Company  declares  a  dividend  ot  lo  y<  . 

what  will  be  received  on  05  shares? 

G     \  received  $000  from  a  -1   </,  dividend;  how  much  stock 
,. .  ■,  ,  Ans.  $15000. 

did  he  own  i 

24 


J      I  --.JIiMBLAB]ilj-|,    ■ 


STOCKS. 


no 


\i;  nioiioys  received  from  lli(> 

rys  loft  after  pnyuip:  cxpcnso', 
ds,  if  there  be  any. 
't  cariiiiiirs,  or  tlio  apportion- 
the  ealeulations  are  muJe  l>y 
sum  to  1)0  cHstributeil  or  as- 
ck.     Hence, 

ts  are  a  pirrmtoijc  computed 
he  baAC. 

rUACTICE. 

Company  declares  a  dividend 
owns  14  shares? 

Analvsis.  According  to 
449,  wo  multiply  the  liaso, 
SllOII,  by  the  rate,  .(Ki,  ami 
obtain  the  diviiloml.  8f<4. 

•rlbod  funds  amount  to  8S4000, 
what  iier  cent,  must  the  stock- 


An'ai.vsis.    Aeeordinfj  to 
450.    v,e    divide    the    in- 
stallment, N(iL)tiO,  which  i= 
oiitain  the  rate,  .OTJ  =  'ih  f". 
lilroad  stock,  and  the  company 
what  does  he  receive  ? 

A)is.  8448. 
insurance  company ;  how  many 
end  of  0  %  has  been  declared, 

Alls.  159  shares, 
y  declares  a  dividend  of  15  ^/i  ■ 

s? 
%  dividend;  how  much  stock 
Alls.  ^15000. 


7,  The  paid-in  .npital  of  an  insurance  company  is  SooOOOO. 
.ts  receipts  fur  one  year  are  S'l'.fJSO,  and  its  losses  and  e.xjien.'^e.s 
:'Av  .?r)li40(>;  what  rate  (d' dividend  can  it  declare':'     Aiis.  H  '/r. 

«.  The  net  earnings  cd"  a  western  turnpike  are  d'MU).  and  ll;c 
iMiount  of  stock  is  850000;  if  the  company  declare  a  dnidend 
,1'  (i  '/  ,  what  surplus  rev^Miue  will  it  have?  Aii^.  8-.)l). 

II.  The  capital  stock  of  the  lioston  and  Lowell  llailroad  Co. 
i.  818;!0000,  and  its  debt  is  $450000.  Its  gross  earnings  for  the 
vrar  185S  were  8407:!'.lO,  and  its  expenses  S-MTO-'l.  If  the  coni- 
piiiiy  jiaid  e.<penses,  and  intere.-t  on  its  debt  at  5i  '/,  ,  and  roservod 
;i7^"  what  dividend  would  a  stockholder  receive  who  owned  .'lO 
d.ares?  _     _    '<"-   $-"0- 

10.  The  charter  of  a  new  railroad  company  limits  the  stock  to 
.?HlO,000,  of  which  :^  inslullnienls  (f  lO  '/  .  Ii5  '/  ,  and  35  '/,,  re- 
spectively, have  been  already  paid  in.  The  exi)en<litures  in  the  eon- 
.tiuction  of  the  road  have  reached  th"  sum  of  8540,000,  and  the 
i-tinuited  cost  of  completit.ii  is  8400,0',:0.     If  the  eomiiany  call  in 


i'>iniian'(i  1,'usu  ui  uL'iii|injin'ii  lo  H. ., — •.      - -   ---1      ^ 

(lie  final  installment  of  its  stock,  and  assess  the  stockholders  for  the 
remaining  outlay,  what  will  bo  the  rate  %  ?  Ans.  17 J. 


inainmg  ouiiay,  wiiuu  \>iu  uu  im.  •••■■i'  /,v  •  -•  -- 

11.  The  Eaiik  of  New  York,  having  8150753.19  to  distribute 
;„  the  stockholders,  declares  a  dividend  of  51  '/t>  ;  what  is  iUl 
amount  of  its  capital?  Aii.'^.  82,085,775  nearly. 

12.  The  passenger  earning.?  of  a  western  railroad  in  one  year 
were  8574375.25,  the  freight  and  mail  earnings  were  8f)43072.:;r>, 
the  whole  amount  of  disbursements  were  8051113.53,  and   tli' 
company  was  able  to  declare  a  dividend  of  8  %  !  li"W  much  scrip 
had  the  company  issued?  ^^"'-  870SG076. 

13.  Having  received  a  stock  dividend  of  5  %,  I  fmd  that  I 
.Au  504  shares;  how  many  shares  had  I  at  first?       Aiix.  4S0. 

14.  1  received  a  G  %  dividend  on  Philadelphia  City  railroad 
>tock,  and  invested  the  money  in  the  same  stock  at  75  %.  My 
Mn,  k  had  then  increased  to  81G200 ;  what  was  the  amount  of  my 
I-  ■  ,      ,0  A)u.  8000. 

15.  A  ferry  company,  whoso  stock  is  828000,  pays  5  %  divi- 
dends seua-annually.  The  annual  expenses  of  the  ferry  tire 
ildbO  ;  what  are  the  gross  earnings?  Ans.  857 jQ. 


i-iiilSSsi'Si^S^t 


40 


rEl!Ci:XTA(il-;. 


STOCK    INVKSTMKNTS. 


48S.  Till!  net  ciiriiiiiKs  nl"  a  oorporatioii  are  usui'lly  <liviilii| 
imidii;;-  till!  stocklioliliTs,  in  scuii-amiual  tliviilemls.  Tin-  iufoiiio  u( 
cdjiiUil  xtock  is  tlRMrfori'  lluctuaiin.u,  lieln,;^  ili'iiciuicnt  iii"iii  tlii'  cuii- 
ilitioii  of  liusiiR'ss;  wliiii'  \\w  uwrnw  Miisiiiji  trmn  hmtih,  wlii'tln'i'  nf 
oovonmii'iit  i)r  corpDratidns,  is  fixoil,  boitift  a  certain  rate  \w\-  tent.. 
ainmally,  of  the  par  \iilne.  or  faee  of  the  biinils. 

4S».    Federal  or  United  States  Securities  are  of  two  kinil>: 

viz..  IJimds  anil  Notes. 

Bonds  are  of  two  kinils. 

Fint,  Tiiose  whieh  are  jtayaljle  at  a  fi.xeil  ilate.  ami  are  known 
and  i(noteil  in  eununereial  transactions  liy  the  rate  of  interest  tiny 
hear,  thus, :  I'.  S.  O's,  that  is,  Tnited  States  Bonds  hearinj,'  0  ',', 
interest. 

S,r(,i,il,  Those  wliii-h  are  |)!;yal.le  at  a  (ixcd  date,  hut  whiih  may 
he  [laid  at  an  earlier  siieeitied  time,  as  the  (Joverninent  may  eleif. 
These  arc  known  and  inioted  in  eonnnereial  traiisaitions  hy  a  eonihi- 
nation  of  the  two  dates,  thus:  l'.  S.  a-^O's,  or  a  cianhinatini!  of  tli.' 
rate  of  interest  and  the  two  dates,  thus:  U.  S.  (Vs  -V-JO  ;  that  is. 
honds  hearing  0  '/,  intere.st,  whieh  arc  pnyahlo  in  twenty  years,  hut 
may  he  paid  in  five  years,  if  the  Government  so  elect. 

When  it  is  necessary,  in  any  transaction,  to  di.^tin.enish  from  eadi 
other  diflerent  issues  which  hear  the  same  rate  of  interest,  this  is 
done  hy  addiin>;  the  vear  in  which  they  hccome  due,  thus :  U.  S.  !>  > 
of  71 ;  U.  S.'  ;Vs  of  74  ;  U.  S,  U"s  o-'iO  of  '84  ;  U.  S.  G's  r.-iiii 
of  "S.'t. 

Notes  are  of  two  kinds. 

First.  Tho.^e  payahle  on  demand,  without  hitcrest,  known  a> 
T'nited  States  Legal-tender  Notes,  or,  in  common  language,  "Green 

Backs." 

SiH-imd,  Notes  payahlj  at  a  siiccilied  tune,  with  interest,  known 
as  Treasury  Notes.  Of  these,  there  are  two  kinds,  —  Si.x-per-eent. 
Comiiound-interest  Notes,  and  Notes  hearing  7,''„  ';,  interest,  the 
hitter  known  and  quoted  in  couunercial  transactions  as  7.30's. 


The 

iransat 

The 

'I'he 

Will 

1  i(iial  i 

nirren 

for  wh 

The 


(Ill  iire  usui'lly  diviilril 
iIl'ikI.s.  Till'  iiiLMiiiit'  111' 
l('|ic'ii(lcnt  ii|"iii  tlu'  ciiii- 
t'roui  liiiiiils,  wlu'tlicr  nf 
I  certain  rate  \kv  cent.. 
ids. 
ities  are  uf  two  kiiul- : 


(1  (late,  and  are  kiinwn 
lie  rate  of  interot  tiny 
:os  Bonds  hearing  <>  ',,' 

:cd  date,  but  wliidi  ni:iy 
(Jdverniiieiit  may  elect, 
transactions  liy  a  i-onibi- 
,  or  a  eoinliinatidi!  of  the 
J.  S.  (Vs  r)--20  ;  that  is, 
ililo  in  twenty  years,  but 
t  >so  eleet. 

to  di.-itinjrnisli  from  eadi 

rate  of  interest,  this  i> 

mo  due,  thus  :     U.  S.  W> 

of  "84  ;  U.  S.  (j's  r.-iiil 


liout  interest,  known   a- 
inimon  language,  "Grevii 

line,  with  interest,  known 
so  kinds,  —  Six-iior-eeiit. 

ii'S  "I'o    '/'    !"*ci't^!^*>  *'"^ 
saeti(Jiis  as  7.30's. 


STOCKS. 


II 


The  nomenclature  here  ex]ilaiiie(l  is  the  one  used  in  eoinmerci;d 
transactions,  which  involve  similar  .-eciirities  of  States  or  eorporatiuiis. 

'J'he  interest  on  all  honds  is  |iayalile  in  gold. 

'I'he  interest  on  notes  is  payaliie  in  Legal-tender  Notes. 

\\'licii  Moiids  or  i^tocks  are  sold.  :i  revenue  stam|>  must  lie  used 
I  i(U.'il  ill  v;ilue  to  one  cent  on  each  sjllO.  nr  fraction  of  sjlKI,  of  tlicir 
nirrcncy  value.  If  sold  Iiy  a  luuker,  this  is  charged  to  the  per.>^oii 
for  wlioiii  they  are  sold. 

The  following  are  the  jirinciiial  United  States  Securities :  — 

iioxus. 

r.  S.  ()"s  of  1s(i7. 
I'.  S.  (i"s  of  ]S(i8. 

r.  8.  (i'«  of  is«o. 
r.  s.  ti's  of  isst. 
r.  s.  .">"s  of  1S71. 

V.  S.  ;Vs  of  1S74. 

V.  S.  n-JIfs,  due  in  ISS'2,  interest  5  ffc- 

v.  S.  fi-JO's,  due  ill  1SS4,  intere.-<t  (i  </,  . 

V.  S.  iViO's.  due  in  ISS."),  interest  (1  f/, . 

v.  S.  KMO's.  due  in  l'.H»4.  interest  5  <}{ . 

I'acific  Hailroad  (i"s  (jf  IS'.I,'). 

I'acitie  llailroad  ti's  of  IS'.Hi. 


-NOTKS 


Coniiiouiid-iiiterest  Xotes  of  lS(i7. 
Compound-interest  Notes  of  1SI).':<. 
7.:^(>  Notes  of  lSli7. 
7.:!0  Notes  of  1SG8. 


-12 


l'i;i!(  KNTACi;. 


orr.uATiiiv. 
...         . .  lo.t 1  ;..... .1.10 


CASK    I. 

490.    To  find  whut  iiHM.tiu;  any  investment  will  pr..- 

'  "l  \viiat  in.-.m..'  will  U  ol.taiiu'.l  l,y  i.ivosting  --OSlO  in  stock 

lu'iiring  tl  '/,,  uii.l  imruliasiMl  at  U.')  ',,'  •' 

Analysis.     \\  oili- 
vide   the    iiivestnii'iii, 

..,,..^ -        ■  .  silsiii,  liv  tlio  cost  ot' 

!?7200  X  -Uti  =  ^-^='-•  """""'  ""-■"""-■•  SI,  an.l  obtain  S7-Jon. 

tl,e  stock  wlmh  the  investment  vill  ,..Mrl,ase,  (452).     An,l  sinee  th. 
uic  siuLiv  >;-.,n()  V   oil  =>^i;!-.',  the  annual 

stoik  bears  (!  '/,.  interest,  wo  lia%e  >'2'iO  X  -"i'  — 
ineomu  obtained  by  the  investment.     Ilenee, 

Ri;u,.  _  /7/n/  //o»-  much  sforl:  the  inrestwn.f  null  ,,„rchns,',  and 
fl,m  compute  the  income  at  th.'  !,mn  rate  upon  the  par  value. 

F,.VAMri.i;S    t'OK    I'ltACTUE. 

1.    The  tmstecs  of  a  sel.ool  invested   S;5r.:574.S()  in  tl,o  U.  S. 
5  <L  bonds  as  a  teael.ers'  fund.  i>ureluising  the  stoek  at  K^,   J,  ; 
if  .i,o  .alary  of  the  Prineipal  be  ^KIOO,  what  sum  ^vill  1'^  [^^^  to  py 
,,  Ami.  >  _.).nU. 

"Ttyoun,  man.  vecoivin,  a  lo.aey  of  S4^00..  invested  ono^ludf 
in  r,  'L  s'toek  at  l.r...  ','  ,  an.l  the  other  half  in  0  V'  ^toek  at  l\1  1.. 
..yin^brokerageat:^  ',;  ;  what  a.nn.al  income  did  he  sc.ur.,^-on. 


his  legacy 


.  l"havo  :V23nO  to  invest,  and  can  buy  New  York  Central  0  s 
at  So  v; ,  <'f  New  York  Ce.itral  T's  at  95  '/o  ;  l'"W  much  n.ore  prot- 
itablo  will  the  latter  be  than  the  f..rmer,  per  year  V 

4  A  owns  a  farm  which  rents  for  S411  45  per  nnnnm.  ^It  ho 
sell  the  same  for  SS22!),  and  invest  the  proceeds  in  U.  S.  5-20  s  ot 

•S4    at  105  'X  ,  Paying  ^'  '/   '"•"l^'-''-''S^''  ^^""^  ^''"  y'"'"'^  '""""!     ' 
inereasea  or  diminished,  and  how  much !     Ans.  Increased  b..(,.;.o. 

5.  A  sold  SS700  of  r.  S.  5-20's  of  "^4  at  104  '/,,  pymg  f;r 
necessary  revenue  stamps,  and  invested  the  proceeds  m  U.  h  10-4U  > 
at  04  ^/c,  brokerage  h  %  both  for  selling  and  buying.  Did  he  gam 
or  lose  by  the  exchange,  and  bow  much  annually  ? 

Ans.  *4iJ.u2 — . 


.8»] 

-i\  ell 

1.     1 

|iU!cli;i; 

f;;;i 
SI  21 

i'i'i|uiri' 
.,1'  I  lie 
i;i(;oo, 
Hence 

Ik  I. 

/'",'/•'-■  ■ 
11. 

nlW   do 


1. 

iiivest( 
•> 

linker 


:iiinua 
4. 

ticient 

yield 

iiiaiiid 

>U1I1  o 

U.S. 
mnie  1 
ill  uac 


-t-^m^^ji^simme^^s^:''-''-^--*'"'''''^*'^^^ 


!»»**=«??*■ 


STO(.  KS. 


43 


ivestmciit  will  pro- 

csthig  --(iS^O  in  Ktui'k 

AxAi-Ysi*;.    WtMli- 

vide   the    iiivestnii'iit. 

si;s.|(i,  by  tlio  cost  of 

SI,  aiul  obtain  -^T-Jiin. 

(452).     Ami  slneu  till' 

.00  =  SI ;!•_',  the  amiuiil 

wilt  w!U  /lurcknse,  and 
ion  the  jiar  ralue. 

:e. 

Br)aT4.S0  in  tlio  r.  S. 

tlie  stoL-k  at  10-2 .V  f'/,.  \ 

t  sum  will  lio  left  to  imy 

jw.s.  S"-2r).(;o. 

48000,  invested  one  Imlf 
iuC/;  stoekatll2  <;{ , 
omc  did  lie  secure  fioiu 

Alls.  S-2:):W. 

y  New  Voik  Central  G's 
;  ;  bow  nmcli  more  prof- 
■yeavV 

1  4")  per  anrmm.  If  !•'' 
iceeds  in  U.  S.  5-20's  of 
rill  his  yearly  income  lie 
{lis.  Increased  S.JC).^;'). 
S4at  104  '/.  py'"S  ^'"' 
proceeds  in  U.  S.  10-40  s 
iiid  Imying.     Did  he  gain 

mally? 

Am.  S45.G"2 — . 


CASE    II. 

■  IIWI.  'J'u  find  uliiit  sum  iiuist  bo  invested  tn  ulifaiii  ii 
^i\eii  iiiCDiiio. 

1.  What  sum  mu.-t  be  invotid  in  \'iririnia  ■">  per  cent,  boiids, 
iiuicliiisalile  at  SO  '^,'  ,  to  obtain  an  income  of  ^(JOOV 

olT.liATIo.V.  .V.NAI.Ysrs.     Pince 

s;;0()  -f-  .().-)  zrr  >i1-JtKM»,  stock  re(inircd.  ^^  "''  «'"'  '•""'^  "''" 

Sl-2tMI  X  .SO  =  ?<UtiOO,  cost  or  investment.     «'"''''>  *■"•"'  in'oinc 

to  obtain  SHoo  will 

riiiuirc  ;;;^i;oO —  .0.")  =  >;12000,  (Case  1).  ]Mnlli|ilyiiig  the  jiar  vahie 
.,f  tlio  stock  by  the  market  jMice  of  81,  wo  have  $12000  X  ■■'<i»  — 
^iMloo,  the  cost  of  the  reciuircd  stock,  or  the  sum  to  be  invested. 
Hence   the 

IJi  i,i;.  I.  ])!rl(lf  tli(>  i/i.ru  income  by  thf  '/u  w/ii</i  the  stuck 
pays  •  ///!■  t/iiotinif  irill  Iw  thf  inn-  riilite  oftlif  stock  m/'iini/, 

ir.  Mii/tip/y  t/ic  par  rahic  of  the  storl;  ////  thr  niarLii  niliifl  of 
iiiiv  dollar  of  the  s'ork  :  the  product  will  he  thf  iripdrvd  invvstnaiit. 

K.\A.M1'LK.S    FOU    I'UACTICK. 

1.  If  Missouri  State  (Vs  arc  1(5  %  below  par.  what  sum  must  bo 
invested  in  tins  stock  to  (ditain  an  inctmie  of  ^IHlO? 

'1.  What  sum  must  I  invest  in  U.  S.  iV'JO's  of  'S-2  at  OO'I  '/,  , 
Krokcrage  \  'i[~,  to  secure  an  ainiual  income  of  SlaOO. 

Alls.  $-20100. 

:!.  How  much  must  I  invest  in  U.  S.  7-aO's,  at  100  %,  that  my 
annual  income  may  be  S17;V2".'  Ans.  $2.)440. 

4.  If  I  sell  Sl.")(iO0  U.  S.  10-40's  at  07  *;,' ,  and  invest  a  suf- 
ficient amount  of  the  proceeds  \\\  U.  S.  ;V20's  of  "H.'i  at  1(I7  <,[  to 
yield  an  aiuuial  income  of  Sr)40,  and  buy  a  house  with  tlie  re- 
iiiainder,  how  much  will  the  house  cost  me'.'  Ans.  $.'t.)ll'2. 

.").  Charles  C.  Thomson,  through  his  broker,  invested  a  certain 
>uiii  of  money  in  V.  S.  G's  n-'20  at  107  '/  ,  and  twice  as  much  in 
r.  8.  10-40's  at  OS^  fj,,  brokerage  in  each  case  \  '/,..  His  in- 
innie  from  both  investments  was  $1()74.  How  much  did  he  invest 
in  each  kind  of  stock  '.' 

Ans.  First  kind,  SlOGO-2.     Second  kind,  821384. 


:-,tote*»ie*' 


it 


I'KUCKNTAdi:. 


(AfK   111. 
W*i.     To  liiid  wliiit   \n'V  relit,  till'   iiicoiiie  i.s  of  the  in- 
vc.-tiiHiit,  wliLii  stork  is  imirlmse.l  iit  a  given  ]>rirp. 

1.    W'U-At  \>i-v  .Tilt,  cf  my  invostimMit  sluill  I  .secim'  liy  iiiuvli;i>l;i: 
the  Nrw  Vdik  T  iicr  ifiits,  at  lO.'i  \i  '.' 

Analysis.     Since  81  (if'tli<?  ^tm  k 
<>I'i;i;a HON.  will  (w/  si.O.'),  iiii<l  /<(///  S."7,  tlic  in- 

niuiit.     Ilcmi'  till' 
r>ri,K.      lYinihi  ihi'  atiiiiKil  r«A-  of  iiiroiiir  ir/n'r/i  tin'  stork  I'cuis 
1,11  f/ir  jin'ce  of  the  stuck  ;  the  ijiwtiviil  vlll  bv  tlm  rate  Kjwn  the  in- 

I'VStlllVllf. 

i;.\A.Ml'l.i:S    KOIt    I'liACTH'K. 

1.    Wliat  percent,  of  Ills  money  will  a  man  obtain  liy  investing 
in  C.  per  cent,  stock  lit  lOS  '/,  V  yl««.  f);;  ',;',. 

'1.    \\liat  is  tlie  late  of  income  upon  moniy  invotcil  in  H  i"'i'  cent. 


lionds,  luiicliascd  at  a  difieouat  of  !•>  '/,  ': 


Ans.  71  V  • 


;;.  J'aiiania  riilroad  .stock  is  at  a  pveniinm  of  -W}.  '/,  ,  ninl  tlic 
eliarire  ioi- l.rokcra,i:-e  IS  1 1,  '/,  ;  wliat  \vill  lie  the  rate  of  inenmo  on 
an  inveslinent  in  tlie.se  fniuls  if  tlio  .stock  pay<  a  dividend  of  X\  ',, 
nnmiailyV  _       vI/'n.  0]  %.  _ 

4.    Vviiich  is  the  lietter  investment,  to  l)iiy  ."I's  ,  t  7t»  ^/c,  or  0.'' 

lit  SO  '_;  v 

r..    ivhicii  is  the  more  prolital.le,  to  Imy  S"s  at  120  %,  or  Ti's  at 

'•";■•  

(■(.  AVJKit  is  tlie  rate  of  income  upon  money  invested  m  I  .  >. 
7_:;()V  at.  km;  ',;  ?  ^'"••«'-  ''•;'//'  • 

7.  Willi  li  i<  till!  lietter  investment,  V.  S.  Ti-'JO's  of  "Si  at 
IdSi  r^  ,„.  \\  S.  lO-lO's  at  118  '/,  ,  and  liow  nnicli  per  cent,  per 
.nnnni'v  ^1"^-  »'.  S.  n-^d's.  ■,^^^  %. 

S.  Jfa  man  invent  slOOOO  in  V.  i^.  KMO's  at  (IS  '/,  ,  and  ex- 
cliaii.iics  them  at  par  for  U.  H.  7-30's  at  102  '/,  ,  wliat  is  liis  rate  of 

ineoiiie '.' 

*t.     "What  jier  ct'nt  of  his  money  will  a  man  gain  by  investing  in 

raeilic  I'.aiiroad  0"s  at  lU.J  '/^  V 


191 

i.liasei 

1.    . 

Ill  obtai 


s.oi!  -^ 

Wvv 

'.//  t/ie 
j.n'ro  (>, 

1.    ) 

vi'.-tiiiei 
•) 

io  pun 

iiieiiey' 

!!.    > 

kut  will 

4.    1 

'ived 

lat  pi 

:>.  w 
id  t; 
.;.  ) 

when  a 


;;it  thi 
S. 

iieiit  n 


'f«aijS»5fe 


,i^ii!,Ui0>..~. 


± 


income  is  ol'  the  iii- 
;i  givi'ii  ]>riro. 

s.     SiiK'i;  !~1  <it'lli<'  stdi  k 
,().">,  iiiul  i>ii!i  S."7,  tlif  in- 

,.  =  (i§   '/,     of    till!    iiivc-i- 
lU-l.!  till' 

nil'  irlilrli  tin'  t^locl  Jintrs 
hi'  (III'-  rale  upon  t/ic  in- 

CK. 

uiiiii  obtain  liy  investing 

Alls.  ;');;  '/,.. 
T  invoti'il  in  I)  i"'i'  fcnt. 

Jus.  71  V- 
liuni  of  '.>\}.    '/,  ,  iuiil  tl'c 
<•  till.'  nito  of  inc'iinio  I'li 
|iay<  a  (iivideinl  of  ^I,.  ',< 

l)ny  o's  .1-  70  '^j,,  or  (Vs 

•  8's  at  120  %,  or  S's  at 

money  invested  in   I  .  >. 
Aiis.  0;!^  V'- 

r.  s.  r)--ji»'s  of  "s-t  at 

I  liow  nuieli  jier  eent.  jici' 
'.  S.  r)-20's,  -,«/','■.  '/• 
)-40's  at  OS  '/, ,  and  ox- 
[I'J  '/,  .  wliat  is  iiis  rate  of 

.  man  gain  by  investing  in 


STOCKS. 


15 


(ASK    IV. 

•193.  To  find  tlio  ]irico  nt  which  stock  must  he  jnir- 
I  liiiseil  to  (d)ltiiii  !i  oiveii  rate  upon  the  investment. 

1.  Al  wliat  ]irice  mnst  (>  |icr  cent,  stocks  be  jiun  based  in  onier 
!n  obtain  S  '^/i   inionie  on  tbe  iiivestinenf.' 

oCKUA  I  io\.  Analysis.      Since  s-.ot;,  ilip  in- 

...  n,.  ,.^         ..._.  come  of  >1  of  tlic  stock,  is  s  ',,    of 

s.OI) -=-  .OS  =  ^(.).  ,  .  ,  ,.     .  ,  ,„« 

llie  sum  ]iai(l  lor  it,  we  lia\e,  (449). 

s.OC)  -f-  .08  =  S75,  tiie  purcbase  price.      Hence, 

I'l  i,K.  Dirii/r  ihr  iniiniiil  nitr  c/'  iiiromr  ir/u'r/i  flir  shir/,-  Iriirs 
'y  l/ii'  nifi'  n'(/iiirc(/  mi  llic  inn stninil ;  the  ijiioliiiit  irlll  he  the 
l.rirc  iij'  the  sturic, 

E.YAM1'I.KS    KOK    IT.ACTICK. 

1.  AVbat  nnist  T  pay  f<ir  (jiovernmcnt  fi  per  cents.,  tbat  my  in- 
vi^tment  may  yield  S  '^,  i  Ans.  02.1  '/,  . 

'1.    .\t  \vliat  rate  of  disc.<innt  nnist  tlie  ^'ernlont  (>  per  cent.  Imnds 
I'  piircliased  tliat  tlie  person  investing  may  secure  ti]  '/,   upon  bis 
iiiuneyV  Ans.  4  "}/ • 

'■>.  What  ra'te  of  tm-mintn  does  7  per  cent,  stock  boar  in  tbe  iiiar- 
I't  when  an  investment  j)ays  (1  '/,  V 

4.  A  speciibitor  .invested  in  a  Life  Tnsnr;nice  Company,  and  re- 
I'ived  a  ihvidend  of  (>  '^',  ,  which  was  8',  ''/,   on   iii.s  investment ;  at 

what  price  did  be  pnn'cliasi' V  ..ins.  I'l  ''/,  . 

.'i.  Wliat  nui.'t  I  pay  for  U.  S.  10-40's,  that  my  investment  may 
.iid  f.  r/^l  Ans.  S:{.',  ^,. 

0.  What  rate  of  premium  docs  V.  S.  G's  "i-'Jff  bear  in  market 
slien  an  investment  |)ays  ">  c,'  V 

7.  At  wliat  I'ate  of  discount  must  I'  S.  7-'!0's  be  puicbased, 
iiat  the  investment  shall  yield  10  %  V 

5.  What  mu.«>t  I  pay  for  govcruniont  G's  of  'SI,  that  my  invest- 
eiit  may  yield  7  %  'I 


^^  1'EUCi:nt.\<;i- 

GOLD   INVr.STMr.NlS. 

„::•.. ■.v».»™i,.,i r„ni„...v..,- --;;;;';.; 

^     ,  ■„,„.,,   .1,,,  «..,•  ,.im,l»liiis  m.'ilmn-  "l..'!.  M-y  I'-". 

;  ii:'i-:::;.::;iii4 >-^ .-»;'"":";:;;,.!;:::;;,::: 

•  ;    S,li.,oiai...n,osnnolr.'tofmv.stn,o,...lu._s^^^^^^ 
::  o„L.n.i.l  lan,ua,.  ,.l.ns  n,..sontoa  as  v.^^ 

f^m  :   .  Im.  ..oin.;..  tin.  st:nulara  of  valu.^  .t  .mno,  va^^^         h- 

V  Hon  i"  i^.lu.  nH.aiu,n  .r.i.rnla.ion  subs.i,u...a  lor  ,oia  :  l..  ;•.•. 

:!;:Lu  is  nuae  the  stauaanl  .1.110  UisviHually  below  l^ 

CASK   I. 

To  rliiin"-c  trnl.l  into  ciirronry. 
!;;:":  J.  ..0^0..  ..an  l,e  bought  lov  SI  ^Om^oiavv^^^^^^ 

»'l^'  '=*  •''  ^'"  '"'   ■  Analysis.     Sm.cc,  a  aoliar  of  goUl  i^ 

'"■'•'■■'■'""'■  xvoi-tli  *1.'0  in  .unriu'V,  thure  can  lu- 

!^1.7()  X  I"'"'  =  ^-''''  as  nianv  tinu's  SIT"  of  currency  boi.-l.t 

..  „,cn.  arc  .loHavs  of  .oH.     Thcrcib,..  Sl.TO  X  U.O  =^:i-  i^  "- 

an.ount  of  currency  which  can  be  .urchasca  tor  S.:.0  u>  ,old. 

^//e  >/((H/i<?r  of  dollars  of  gold. 

o     What  is  the  value,  in  euvvent  funas.  of  ^>^.\i_J^-  ^vb^^ 

"":!    K  Itri^ias  ..;0n..  U.  P.  10-40-s,  what  would  bo  Ins  an- 
„ual  incouL  in  current  funds  if  .old  is  at  157  '/.         Ans.  ^hL 

4     V  n.erchant  purebasea  a  bill  of  .ooas  for  wlueh  be  was  to  ,u.v 
.TOOo\:currency!or..500ingoia,atbiso,.ion.     ^^       be  .an 
,rh.ebyacc,,,in,tbe.tter,.oposit.n.^n^^;^^ 
and  bow  much  m  currency  .' 


„f  'S.) 
when  '. 

To 

1.  : 

Lcinji 


lUi 
■  > 

i>  at  -J 

>» 
•I. 

RT.t  fl 

;inil  :! 
4. 

rt'llts 


■^i:"-^!JixiJf^., 


cdi.i)  i.\vi:.sTMi;.N'i> 


47 


ills  (if   KxcIkiii.l;!'.  r>:iiik 
fdV  iiKiiu'V  cmiili'Vi;"!  m 

„t'   (•(.IllllinilltifS    liL'tWlMM 

er  (•inMiliitiii,i<  inciliiiiii  :- 

iVlMllllirllt  >tallililVil.       Ill 

liuiii.  wIkmi  lii'ldw  i»;n-.  i- 
im.l  .mIv.t.  If.  tVnii)  ;ni,v 
iR>,  »;«  It  liiis  (luiic  ill  ill  • 
investment,  tlic  snuc  ii- 
r(>i)R'sonto(l  as  visiii,!:  inil 
hie.  it  ciiiiiint  vary.  '1  'i'' 
bstituti'd  for  golil :  '"'H''''- 
0  curriMify.  or  ciiculatiii'j: 
■ivtually  below  i)ar. 


It  lor  SI.'iO  in  gold  wluu 

.<.  Since  adoliarof  jloUl  I- 
I  in  cnrreiK  y,  tlierc  can  \»' 
OS  $170  of  currency  boii;:'..! 
1.70  X  1''0  ==  ^-■'''  '*  ''"■ 
I  for  Sl.')i»  in  Jiold. 
lar  of  <jold  in  nirrencn  /,'/ 

Is  of  ^;'250.47  f^oW.  wlicn 

Ans.  S;>-jT..')4G— . 
40"s,  what  would  be  his  an- 

,157  %■?      ^"s-  ^■^'•■ 
ods  for  which  he  was  to  |i;iy 
t  his  oi»tion.     Will  lie  s.m\\  \ 
ion,  gold  being  at  l;{8?,  ',, 
Am.  Lose  $017.50. 


f).  15uni;lit  liroadcldtli  C"  ^•"i  in  gold,  and  .•^"Id  the  .snne  f"  >^1  in 
iiiireney.  I'id  I  gain  or  loi-e  liy  the  transaction,  and  how  nmcli  [ler 
,rii'.  ill  currency,  gold  hcingat  I  K»  </,  ''.  Aus.  l.o.-t  \\\  ',',  . 

(i.    A  broker  invested   ?^;JO(HI  of  ;;old  in  \  .  S.   (iV,   wbidi   were 
worth  Itl-  \,   in  currency.      What  was  liis  animal  income   fioiii  the 
investment,  gold  liciiig  at  Kll  '/,  V  and  what  the  rate  jier  cent,  '.' 
Alls  fii  Jii-sf.  s-^;!i;.}7.     Aii.1.  Ill /list.  ;')!;■  '/, . 

7.  .\  gentleman  iiivc-tcd  slO.dUO,  cnrrcnt  fund,-,  in  \' .  S.  .'i  -d's 
nf  'S.'),  at  104  ^/,  .  What  will  be  his  aiiiiiial  income  in  currency 
when  gold  is  at  l:!7  ';V  Ans.  ^71l0.:is,';,. 

(wsi;  II. 


Til  cliang-e  curren(\v  iiitu  o()l(]. 

1.   How  much  gold  can  lie  imrcim.-^ed  for  :;r7')  current  fund^  gold 

iiigat  150  '/,  ■.' 

Analysis.  A  dollar  of  gold  costSl.'jO 
in  currency,  therdbre  there  I'an  he  as 
many  dollars  of  gold  luu'chased  (or  S7."i  in 
currency  as  ^\.M  is  contained  times  in  S7."i. 

lIiLi:.     Dii-iile  the  amowif  in  ciirreiKi/  ly  the  pr'irc  of  </i'l'i- 

•1.  What  is  the  value  in  gold  uf  a  dollar  in  currency  when  gold 
i.  at  -Hy.i  Vc?  ^"*'-  '^•^•*-A^:i- 

:;.  Gold  being  the  standard,  what  is  the  rate  of  discount  upon  cur- 
Ri;t  funds  when^gold  is  at  i:!4  '^  ,  150  '/,  .  175  V'  .  1^0  '/, .  Iil5  %, 
m\  :598  '/,,  'i      Ans.  to  first,  '1^  J  '/,■      Ans.  to  /ii.^f.  74 1  ,',*  f/, . 

4.  What  is  gidd  iiuoted  at  when  a  dollar  in  currency  is  worth  "20 
«'iits  ill  gold,  ;•>(>  cts.,  50  ets.,  15  cts.,  'J5  ets.,  and  '2  cts.  i 

...  How  many  yards  of  cotton,  at  '25  cts.  in  g(dd,  can  be  imrchased 
fur  s-250  eurrent  funds,  when  gold  is  at  175  '/  V 

Ans.  571,  yds. 


oi'::uArioN. 
S75  -i-  $1.50  =  50 


and  invested  the 
ivucceds  in  gold  at  145  9^ ,  with  which  T  bought  l'.  S.  HMIfs  at 


(i.  Sold  S7800  7.00  Treasury  Notes,  at  105  '/, 


jr.i)   '/,:    111  KO 


Id.     Will  my  yearly  income  be  increased  or  dimini.shed 
y  tiie  transaction,  and  how  much  in  gold '!      Ans.  Increased  $78. 
7.    Which  is  the  better  investment,  a  bond  and  mortgage  at  7  ^t, 
ur  U.  S.  10-40's,  gold  being  134  ;  and  what  per  cent,  in  gold  'i 


m 


